Indian Americans are the second-largest immigrant group in the United States. This project has been reviewed and approved by the University of Pennsylvania Institutional Review Board (Protocol #843855). 1615 L St. NW, Suite 800Washington, DC 20036USA 20 According to the 2018 ACS, 73 percent of Asian Indian households are married-couple households compared to the national average of 48 percent. Share with Friends Add To Playlist. Overall, the Obama administration deported about 3 million immigrants between 2009 and 2016, a significantly higher number than the 2 million immigrants deported by the Bush administration between 2001 and 2008. Today, more than 40 million people living in the U.S. were born in another country, accounting for about one-fifth of the worlds migrants. Yet these views vary starkly by political affiliation. The pattern is similar when it comes to caste, although nearly one-quarter of respondents claim they do not know what share of their friends belong to their caste group, suggesting that caste is a less salient category for a significant segment of IAAS respondents. Self-identification also varies by religion. For instance, for Indian Americans who skeptically view the rise of Hindu majoritarianism in India, it is unclear how they might apportion blame given that religion, leadership, and political parties are all deeply intertwined, especially in the current political scenario. 15 While this study reports sample sizes as raw totals, all analyses include sampling weights, meaning that the proportions and means discussed here are weighted, unless otherwise noted. Numbers, Facts and Trends Shaping Your World, new Pew Research Center estimates based on census data adjusted for undercount. Homophilythe tendency of individuals to associate with people similar to themselvesis a strong determinant of social networks.41 But which dimensionreligion, region of origin, or castedrives ones associations? The IAAS draws on a series of questions adapted from the political science literature in order to measure inter-group social distance in the Indian American community.42 Namely, the survey explores how Indian Americans feel about having close interactions with out-group members along two prominent cleavages: those who are of a different religion, or who carry a different partisan affiliation. The number of apprehensions at the U.S.-Mexico border has doubled from fiscal 2018 to fiscal 2019, from 396,579 in fiscal 2018 to 851,508 in fiscal 2019. Roughly one-fifth lived in the Northeast (21%) and 11% were in the Midwest. Second, around one-third of Christians and Hindus and two-fifths of Muslims are situated in the middle, reporting that some of their Indian American networks are made up of friends of the same religion. Today, one in five Minnesota children is the child of an immigrant. Of course, many Indian Americansirrespective of citizenshipremain tied to India thanks to direct family connections. On the other end of the spectrum, 30 percent of Indian Americans born in the United States answer that being Indian is either somewhat or very unimportant to their identitya response given by just 17 percent of foreign-born Indian Americans. Some 47% of immigrants living in the U.S. five years or less are proficient. Nearlyhalf a million immigrantscall Minnesota home, a population that includes citizens and non-citizens, students and workers, and refugees who fled their home countries. One possibility is that the person or persons engaged in caste discrimination could be from another South Asian country, where caste might be a meaningful marker of status and hold greater salience.50 Another possibility is that respondents interpret caste discrimination as a stand-in for other forms of discriminationon the basis of skin color or country of origin, for example. Just 9 percent of them hold the same views vis--vis the Congress. In 2020, the United States granted 707,362 people lawful permanent resident status, a significant drop from the usual average of more than a million. The Census Bureau combined survey results from 2013 to 2017 to enable the organizations statisticians to estimate the numbers of individuals who made up the foreign-born populations of each state and the District of Columbia. Forty-seven percent of U.S.-born citizens report engaging in this activity, but 45 percent of foreign-born citizens and 41 percent of non-citizens did so as well. Although Indian American is a contested category, the survey attempts to understand how respondents perceive the push and pull between different aspects of their identity. Given the relatively small share of Christians in the Indian American community, this suggests that Christmas is celebrated more on cultural than religious grounds. Respondents for this survey were recruited from an existing panel administered by YouGov. Overall, there are 632 respondents in the IAAS sample who belong to the Hindu faith but only 293 who report identifying with a caste group. This section explores how Indian Americans view the subject of their own identity. Indeed, a plurality (44 percent) of Indian Americans born in the United States say that they feel more American than Indian (compared to 23 percent of foreign-born respondents). In 2020, about 8% of Minnesotans were foreign-born, but that percentage was as high as 37% in the late 1800s. by subscribing, you agree to our Privacy Policy. The February 2021 IAAS study found several indications that polarization in India had successfully metastasized in the Indian American community in the United States. Devesh Kapur is the Starr Foundation Professor of South Asian Studies and director of Asia Programs at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS). All attitudinal and perceptual measures and variables discussed in this paper are self-reported measures by respondents. The surveys initial question on whether respondents personally identify with a caste grouping is restricted to respondents who identify with Hinduism (and make up slightly more than half of the IAAS sample), where caste categories are reasonably well-defined.30 However, broader questions regarding the role that caste plays in social networks (discussed later) are asked of all respondents. The five largest foreign-born groups in the United States, including those from Mexico, the Philippines, India, China, and Vietnam, account for 44 percent of the total immigrant population. Immigrants often import social norms from their home countries to their newly adopted homes. In cases where the respondent identifies with multiple states, both states are counted as a home state. The number of naturalization applications has climbed in recent years, though the annual totals remain below the 1.4 million applications filed in 2007. For instance, the category Other Backward Classes (OBC) is common among Muslims, while Scheduled Castes or Dalits can also be found in Buddhist, Sikh, Christian, and Muslim communities. This could be the result of circumstance and context, or it could be the product of social distancethe relative distance that one feels toward members of an out-group (religious, ethnic, partisan, and so on) relative to members of ones own in-group. Fifty-eight percent of Hindus respond in this way, while 48 and 46 percent of Muslims and Christians, respectively, report that their networks are comprised of those of the same religion. However, there is marked variation by place of birth. A narrow majority52 percentof respondents believe that people in the United States discriminate more against all of the other minority groups listed than they do against Indian Americans. To a certain extent, however, many of these factors are inseparable. 35 While this might seem counterintuitive, this finding is explained by the fact that U.S.-born respondents are significantly more likely to identify as more American than Indian. To what extent do people of Indian origin encounter discriminatory behavioron what grounds and by whom? In a complex, changing, and increasingly contested world, the Carnegie Endowment generates strategic ideas and independent analysis, supports diplomacy, and trains the next generation of international scholar-practitioners to help countries and institutions take on the most difficult global problems and safeguard peace. The largest immigrant group in the United States is the: Italians French Germans Irish Germans The second largest immigrant group to settle in this country is the: Italians French Germans Irish Italians By the time Greek people emigrated to this country, the demand for labor had decreased. Twenty-seven percent are H-1B visa holders, a visa status for high-skilled or specialty workers in the United States that has historically been dominated by the technology sector. The February 2021 IAAS study examined the degree to which Indian Americans remain connected to India through cultural outlets such as Indian food, movies or television, and art, dance, or music.38 This paper looks at one additional aspect of cultural engagement: participation in select holidays regularly celebrated in India. rise in the number from Central America and Asia. One might expect, however, that the importance of a respondents Indian identity might vary by their place of birth. And to what extent are these differences being driven by political polarization in the country of origin (in this case, India)? (+1) 202-419-4372 | Media Inquiries. Fifty-one percent of respondents who are fifty or older report praying once a day or several times a day, compared to just 29 percent of respondents between the ages of eighteen and twenty-nine. In 2018, immigrants were over three times as likely as the U.S. born to have not completed high school (27% vs. 8%). Immigrants from Mexico and Central America are less likely to be high school graduates than the U.S. born (54% and 47%, respectively, do not have a high school diploma, vs. 8% of U.S. born). 3 (2012): 405431; Matthew Levendusky and Neil Malhotra, Does Media Coverage of Partisan Polarization Affect Political Attitudes?, Political Communication 33, no. This section reviews respondents views on discrimination against Indian Americans. First, the survey asks respondents to consider how discrimination against Indian Americans compares to discrimination directed toward other minority communities in the United States. The balance (around 7 percent) consists of less frequently listed languages, ranging from Sindhi to Santali. He is the author of several books, including Diaspora, Development, and Democracy: The Impact of International Migration from India on India and The Other One Percent: Indians in America (with Sanjoy Chakravorty and Nirvikar Singh). Followed by Cushite-Beja-Somali, Hmong, and Vietnamese. Eleven percent finished high school elsewhere, while only 8 percent had less than a high school education. In terms of regions, about two-thirds of immigrants lived in the West (34%) and South (34%). However, the magnitude of the effect is modest. For those respondents who immigrated to the United States, over half (60 percent) arrived in the year 2000 or after (see figure 2).17 Seventeen percent arrived in the 1990s, 13 percent immigrated in the 1980s, and just 10 percent arrived before the year 1980. Top editors give you the stories you want delivered right to your inbox each weekday. Members of the Indian American communityboth individually and collectivelyare mobilizing in response. Four percent have completed at least a junior college (two-year program) education, while 9 percent have completed some college. 10 Anna Purna Kambhampaty, At Census Time, Asian Americans Again Confront the Question of Who Counts as Asian. Since 1820. Democrats, however, are more strident in their views toward individuals from the other party. Predictably, responses vary by place of birth (see figure 13). The differences are most pronounced among those who say being Indian is very important to them. The variation in respondents feelings of Indian-ness begs the question of how Indian Americans navigate multiple identities linked both to their country of origin as well as their country of settlement. Finally, given the sensitive nature of caste identity, nonresponses in the survey could mask those who do not wish to disclose their caste affiliation even if they are aware of their familys caste identity. But that same visibility also invites greater scrutiny, shedding light on tensions within the community. The previous section demonstrated that, for many Indian Americans, shared religious affiliation is the most important characteristic of respondents social networks. The next largest origin groups were those from China (6%), India (6%), the Philippines (4%) and El Salvador (3%). Fifty percent of respondents who have been in the United States for ten years or less say that being Indian is very important to their identity, compared to 42 percent for those who have been in the United States for more than twenty-five years. Twenty-nine percent of respondents report that most or all of their friends are from the same region of India. Asians are projected to become the largest immigrant group in the U.S. by 2055, surpassing Hispanics. According to YouGov, its panel outperformed its peer competitors evaluated in this Pew study. The label Indian origin itself masks variation in terms of ones place of birth. Data from the Center for Migration Studies shows that 78% of immigrants in California were either naturalized or had some other legal status (including green cards and visas), and about 22% were undocumented as of 2019. 16 Of those born outside of the United States, 80 percent were born in India. Since the creation of the federal Refugee Resettlement Program in 1980, about 3 million refugees have been resettled in the U.S. more than any other country. 1 (2015): 51104. You are leaving the website for the Carnegie-Tsinghua Center for Global Policy and entering a website for another of Carnegie's global centers. One way to understand the dynamics of discrimination at play is to place discrimination against Indian Americans in a comparative context. (Hence, the percentages do not add up to 100.) Seventy-four percent of Hindu respondents who report not identifying with a caste nevertheless know enough to be able to identify the caste identities of their social networks. In 2017, about 29 million immigrants were working or looking for work in the U.S., making up some 17% of the total civilian labor force. This study draws on a new source of empirical data to answer these and other questions. 38 Badrinathan, Kapur, and Vaishnav, How Do Indian Americans View India?, 1213. Why Are Hate Crime Charges So Rare?, New York Times, March 18, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/18/nyregion/asian-hate-crimes.html. In certain cases, these larger groupings consist of smaller denominations that have been aggregated upward. Thirty percent of non-citizen IAAS respondents possess a green card (or a permanent residency card), which places them on a pathway to gaining U.S. citizenship. Most immigrants (77%) are in the country legally, while almost a quarter are unauthorized, according to new Pew Research Center estimates based on census data adjusted for undercount. This represents 19.1% of the 244 million international migrants worldwide, and 14.4% of the United States' population. While the majority are immigrants, a rising share is born and raised in the United States. Early childhood risk, reach, and resilience. 55 For an accessible introduction to this survey method, see Courtney Kennedy et al., Evaluating Online Nonprobability Surveys, Pew Research Center, May 2, 2016, https://www.pewresearch.org/methods/2016/05/02/evaluating-online-nonprobability-surveys/. Fifty-eight percent of Christians report attending church at least once or several times per week. Largest Immigrant Groups by US State Can you name the 5 largest immigrant groups in each US state? Responses are very divided. During the same period, the overall U.S. workforce grew, as did the number of U.S.-born workers and lawful immigrant workers. Among these groups, the Irish were by far the largest. Given the degree of partisan polarization present in U.S. politics, the survey examines how much this polarization is present within the Indian American community as well. Therefore, it is likely that the sample does not fully represent the South Asian American population and could skew in favor of those who have strong views about caste. Milan Vaishnav is a senior fellow and director of the South Asia Program and the host of the Grand Tamasha podcast at Carnegie, where he focuses on India's political economy, governance, state capacity, distributive politics, and electoral behavior. (Respondents can select multiple choices from a preselected menu of options, so the percentages in the figure do not add up to 100.). View Reports-/5-RATE QUIZ. The IAAS asks respondents how they self-identify; after all, identities are liminal and individuals might identify with any number of identity categories. Clear differences along religious lines are evident in the responses to the question on the frequency of prayer (see figure 9). In 2018, roughly 11.2 million immigrants living in the U.S. were from there, accounting for 25% of all U.S. immigrants. Today, there are more apprehensions of non-Mexicans than Mexicans at the border. These are not merely academic questions. Third, caste discrimination is a surprisingly equal opportunity offense. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Forty-three percent report that some are, while 23 percent say that hardly any or none are. Millions of people are polled annually as part of the American Community Survey by the U.S. Census Bureau to learn more . This population includes naturalized citizens, lawful permanent residents (LPRs), certain legal nonimmigrants (e.g., persons on student or work visas), those admitted under refugee or asylee status, and persons illegally residing in the United States. White immigrants to America, 80 percent . When it comes to discrimination experienced by Indian Americans, a significantly larger share of foreign-born Indian Americans (59 percent) state that they have not been discriminated against on any grounds in the past year, compared to just 36 percent of U.S.-born Indian Americans (see figure 27). One percent of respondents point to some other factor. These patterns break down quite differently by religion, however (see figure 8). Rankings only apply to origin countries that meet this criterion. In about one-fifth of instances, both Indians and non-Indians were perceived to be jointly responsible. When it comes to online discussions of politics, 28 percent of U.S.-born citizens posted comments about political issues on an online forum, compared to 18 percent of foreign-born citizens and 14 percent of non-citizens. Immigration from Latin America slowed following the Great Recession, particularly for Mexico, which has seen both decreasing flows into the United States and large flows back to Mexico in recent years. Each year, more than 1 million immigrants enter the country. Forty-two percent of respondents who are not Indian citizens have taken advantage of the program.18. The examination of partisanship, in turn, further distinguishes between partisan support in India and in the United States.43. Reported discrimination based on country of origin and caste is roughly similar for both groups (around 1516 and 56 percent, respectively). As table 1 indicates, 77 percent of IAAS respondents are U.S. citizens, although there is significant variation within that category.16 Thirty-nine percent of all respondents immigrated to the United States and later became naturalized U.S. citizens. In 2018, China accounted for 149,000 of the new immigrants entering the United States, followed by India (129,000), Mexico (120,000), and the Philippines (46,000). The survey furthers asks respondents to assess whether they believe that domestic politics in India might be creating or exacerbating divisions within the Indian American community. The matched cases and the frames were combined, and a logistic regression was estimated for inclusion in the frames. 44 Badrinathan, Kapur, and Vaishnav, How Will Indian Americans Vote?, 1617. The immigrant population in the United States is extraordinarily diverse, with immigrants hailing from almost every nation. According to the 2011 Indian Census, the distribution of the Indian population by language was as follows: Hindi (44 percent), Bengali (8 percent), Telugu (7 percent), Marathi (7 percent), Tamil (6 percent), Gujarati (5 percent), Kannada (4 percent), Urdu (4 percent), Punjabi (3 percent), and Malayalam (3 percent). Indian Americans who have no allegiance to either major party hold slightly asymmetric views as well. 3 (2005): 169187. In 2017, 45% were naturalized U.S. citizens. Another 31 percent report little or no participation in religious services, claiming they do so seldom or never. All of the analyses in this study were conducted using the statistical software R and employ sample weights to ensure representativeness. 7 The term Dalit refers to individuals who occupy the lowermost rungs of the traditional Hindu caste hierarchy. An equal percentage of respondents18 percent apiecereport that they have been discriminated against due to their gender or religion. YouGov employs a sophisticated sample matching procedure to ensure that the respondent pool is representative of the Indian American community in the United States, using data from the ACS as a target sample frame. From 1820 to 2013, 79 million people obtained lawful permanent resident status in the United States. Just 12 percent report that hardly any or none of their friends share the respondents religion. Forty-eight percent of respondents report that most or all of their Indian friends share their religious faith, while another 36 percent report that some of their friends are coreligionists. In order to discern the region of origin of IAAS respondents, the survey asks whether they identify one or more state(s) of India as their home state(s). The differences are especially stark for Diwali and Indian Independence Day, where the gap between the two groups is on the order of 20 percentage points. Because the results are largely the same, this study only reports results from the former. Eight out of ten respondents say they have a spouse or partner of Indian origin (ranging from 85 percent of foreign-born respondents to 71 percent of U.S.-born respondents). Nearly one in two respondents (45 percent) report discussing politics in the past yearby far the most common activity. A much higher share of U.S.-born citizens report attending a protest (18 percent) than either foreign-born citizens (8 percent) or non-citizens (4 percent). Brazil 16,746. Several Asian, African, and Central American countries also have large immigrant populations. How then do we make sense of the heterogeneity encapsulated by the more than 4 million people of Indian origin in the United States, a group that is the second-fastest-growing immigrant community in the country? 53 Sumitra Badrinathan, Devesh Kapur, and Milan Vaishnav, On India, A Fracture in the Diaspora, Hindustan Times, February 10, 2021, https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/on-india-a-fracture-in-the-diaspora-101612878777662.html. That means just less than half of all respondents believe that Indian Americans face a greater degree of discrimination than at least one other minority group. If half of all Indian Americans report some form discrimination, this begs the question: Who is discriminating against them? Figure 21 looks more closely at the caste composition of social networks among Hindus. Religious differences, in particular, have emerged as a salient divide both in India and among members of the diaspora. The remainder of the sample hails from a range of countries stretching from the United Kingdom to Trinidad & Tobago and Kenya. Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, October 14, 2020, https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/10/14/how-will-indian-americans-vote-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-82929. U.S. But members of this group exhibit significant variation in terms of their visa status (see figure 1). The data for this study are based on an original online surveythe IAASof 1,200 Indian American U.S. residents conducted by YouGov between September 1 and September 20, 2020. Young people place less importance on being Indian, even after controlling for how long they have been in the United States. The February 2021 IAAS paper found that almost seven in ten Hindus approve of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modis performance, while just one in five Muslims feel the same.34 However, without longitudinal data, it is unclear to what extent the religious divide reflects the specificities of the current contextin which Muslims in India feel especially marginalized and discriminated againstor is instead a product of longer-term trends. This is a genuine puzzle. And, finally, 5 percent of all respondents report having encountered discrimination due to their caste identity. Another way of examining respondents regional connections in India is to look at their linguistic backgrounds. Immigrants from Mexico have the lowest rates of English proficiency (34%), followed by those from Central America (35%), East and Southeast Asia (50%) and South America (56%). While the social realities of Indian Americans are often glossed over, recent events have brought them to the fore. Finally, volunteering or working on a political campaign appears to be the least common form of political engagement. However, immigrants were just as likely as the U.S. born to have a bachelors degree or more (32% and 33%, respectively). If one restricts attention to respondents aged twenty-five and older, nearly 80 percent have either a college or postgraduate degree (compared to 73 percent in the overall sample). In eight states, Canadian immigrants made up the second-largest group, and in four states, the second-most common country of origin was the Philippines. From 2010 to 2019, the number of undocumented immigrants in the state fell from 2.9 million to 2.3 million. As the figure demonstrates, religion leads the way59 percent of Indian Americans believe it is responsible for creating internal divisions in the community. Immigrants often import social norms from their home countries to their gender religion! 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Carnegie-Tsinghua Center for Global Policy and entering a website for another of Carnegie 's Global centers are second-largest... Regions, about two-thirds of immigrants lived in the United States.43 views toward individuals from United... People of Indian origin encounter discriminatory behavioron what grounds and by whom respondents regional connections in India had successfully in. These groups, the percentages do not add up to 100. turn, distinguishes... That have been aggregated upward these groups, the Irish were by far the most important characteristic of point... Respondents views on discrimination against Indian Americans who have no allegiance to either major party slightly! Democrats, however, there are more apprehensions of non-Mexicans than Mexicans at the composition! As well workforce grew, as did the number of identity categories of immigrants lived in United... From Sindhi to Santali the traditional Hindu caste hierarchy to become the largest begs the on. 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largest immigrant groups by state