There are panel paintings of Pole in the following churches: There are stained glass windows of Pole in the following churches: On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. On this date in 1541, 68-year-old Margaret Pole, countess of Salisbury, was beheaded within the confines of the Tower of London, as befitted her rank. Richard Pole was appointed to the household of Arthur, eldest son of Henry VII and Prince of Wales, heir apparent. But Reginald, it seemed, always got a tip-off. It was the beginning of a fertile new line. Her son Arthur joined them, dying young, probably in the sweating sickness epidemic of 1528. His months of peace ended in 1533, when he refused to attend the coronation of Anne Boleyn. Here is where it gets complicated. Warwick In 1499, Margarets brother Edward apparently tried to escape from the Tower of London to take part in the plot of Perkin Warbeck who claimed to be their cousin, Richard, one of the sons of Edward IV who had been taken to the Tower of London under Richard III and whose fate was not clear. After the first round of questioning she was held in custody at Cowdray, Fitzwilliams house. Margaret Pole was restored to a position as lady-in-waiting, which helped her financial situation. The prestige of her ancient family, her traditionalist stance in religion, and her status as a peer in her own right all these defined a woman who might wish to resist the new order. Contact was made with Warwick; a plot began, or perhaps was manufactured by agents provocateurs; just at this time, to increase the alarm of Henry Tudor, another Warwick impersonator showed his face in Kent. Margaret Pole ended up becoming a Catholic martyr. She was, Pierce says, intelligent, unquestionably virtuous, traditionally pious, and possessed an easy familiarity with the convoluted etiquette of a royal court. Margaret Pole was born about four years after her parents had married, and was the first child born after the couple lost their first child on board a ship fleeing to France during the Wars of the Roses. It was his great popularity that saved him. After his marriage to Anne Boleyn and the birth of their daughter, Elizabeth, Mary was sent to join the household of the infant princess. At Bisham, where her forebears had founded a monastery, the remains of her executed brother lay with those of her grandfather the Kingmaker, slaughtered at the Battle of Barnet. More's trial took place on 1 July. His father recalled him to London and he trained as a law student at New Inn and later Lincolns Inn. Margaret was a great heiress, grand-daughter of the Earl of Warwick who was known as the Kingmaker. And his patron Morton was infamous as the architect of that kings very successful and subsequently very unpopular tax policy. Today we know Sir Thomas More primarily as the author of Utopia, and as one of the more famous martyrs of Henry VIIIs reign. Mortons tax philosophy was a marvel of inescapable logic: If the subject is seen to live frugally, tell him because he is clearly a money saver of great ability, he can afford to give generously to the King. He was made knight of the Garter, and appointed chamberlain to the young Prince of Wales. In 1539, Reginald was sent to the Emperor to organize an embargo against Englandthe sort of countermeasure he had himself warned Henry was possible.[14]. It was a housekeeping matter, the French ambassador said; Henry, now with his fifth wife, Katherine Howard, wanted to make a progress north, and to empty the Tower before he set off, either by acts of mercy or the condemnation of detainees. But he could not recognize the kings authority as head of the new church of England. [7] However, her brother's Warwick and Spencer [Despencer] estates remained in the hands of the crown.[8]. Birth Year: 1478. Art and science The German artist Hans Holbein the Younger paints King Henry VIII. Edward IV declared that Margaret's younger brother, Edward, should be known as Earl of Warwick as a courtesy title, but no peerage was ever created for him. We do know that he tried in vain to support the kings position. If my head should win him a castle in France, he told his son-in-law in 1525, it should not fail to go.). It is meant to contrast with the reality of European rule, divided by ideologies and greed and self-interest. After Richard was killed, Margaret came to court under the new regime, and in September 1486 she attended the christening of Arthur, the first Tudor prince. The new pretender, Ralph Wilford, was arrested and killed before the conspiracy bred any action. Margaret, wife of Sir William Harington. The kings mother, Margaret Beaufort, was protective of young brides; her own body had been wrecked by a pregnancy at 13. You may not of heard of Margaret Pole so I will fill you in because her death was quite brutal and makes an interesting read, (if you like the darker side of the Tudors). I decided to investigate anemometers, because I wanted to look at different ways of measuring wind speed. But eventually the break between the king and his chief minister could not be ignored. But it is difficult to detect in her conduct the heroic virtues assumed by Rome, and easier to see self-protective caution at work. His desire for an annulment was now not merely to secure a legitimate heir; it was also spurred by his desire to marry Anne. Henry VII paid for Richard's funeral. Tragedy throws her into poverty and rebellion against the new royal family, luck restores her to her place at court where she becomes the chief lady-in-waiting to Queen Katherine and watches the dominance of the Spanish queen over her husband, and her fall. More importantly, he developed a personal relationship with Henry VIII, and because known as the kings intellectual courtier. But literacy was their usual weapon, not spells, and many of them picked up enough legal knowledge to fight their corner in civil disputes. Please include name, address, and a telephone number. The resulting trial was mere show; despite his impassioned and brilliant defense, no one ever expected More to be found anything other than guilty. He waited five days before being summoned to the scaffold on Tower Hill. In June 1535, after he had been imprisoned for over a year, Cromwells servant, Richard Rich, now solicitor general, stated that he had spoken with More and More had denied Parliaments power to make Henry head of the church. Margaret Pole was one of only two women in the 16th century to hold a peerage in her own right. The National Archives, minsters' accounts, SC6/HENVIII. As Englands premier intellectual, Mores opinion mattered. The threat seemed even greater by 1538, when the two great powers, France and the emperor, signed a peace treaty which left them free to turn their attention to the pariah nation. He returned to Padua in 1532 and received a last English benefice in December of that same year. His work at Bruges and, later, Calais, as well as his continuing duties as undersheriff in London, were clear evidence of his skill and popularity. Then, in good faith, between your grace and me is but this, that I shall die today, and you tomorrow.. Margarets uncle Richard of Gloucester became king in 1483 as Richard III, and reinforced young Margaret and Edwards exclusion from the line of succession. Henry wanted Reginald to come back to England and talk the matter over, but Reginald had the sense to keep his distance. A pearl necklace is just a shadow now. Margaret remained in the Tower of London for more than two years. Henry and others were executed, though Geoffrey was not. Get GCSE Macbeth Coursework, Essay & Homework assistance including assignments fully Marked by Teachers and Peers. (We should note, however, that More brilliant and perceptive was never especially comfortable in his kings good graces. Of the many executions ordered by Henry VIII, surely the most horrifying was that of sixty-seven-year-old Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, hacked to pieces on the scaffold by a blundering headsman. The boy, born in 1519, was welcome proof to Henry that he could father a son and that his lack of an heir was entirely Katharines fault. Margaret was a daughter of George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence and Isabella Neville. A Yorkist pretender had been crowned in Dublin, a child who claimed to be the Plantagenet heir, Edward, Earl of Warwick, Margarets 12-year-old brother. Her early years are obscure. The new memorial that has been erected in front of the Chapel of St. Peter ad Vincula on Tower Green marks the spot 'identified' in the Victorian period as being the . Since Margaret and her brother, Edward, were debarred from the throne by their father's attainder, their uncle, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, was offered the crown and became king as Richard III. Wolsey, for all his brilliance and cunning, could not compete with that influence. The Imperial Ambassador, Eustace Chapuys, suggested two years later that Mary be handed over to Margaret, but Henry refused, calling her "a fool, of no experience". She was no longer, though, the sort of influence Henry wished for his daughter. The Tower's professional executioner was away, so a young novice was given the job. Her London palace, Le Herber, stood in a busy mercantile quarter, approximately where Cannon Street Station is now, and she rented out the tenements around as workshops, stables and an inn. But Lord Montagu attended Annes coronation as he would later attend her trial. You see, we speak of being anchored to our principles. (Along with Margaret her sister-in-law Eleanor Pole was also a lady-in-waiting to Katherine. The Duke of Clarence plotted against Edward IV and in February 1478 was attainted and executed for treason. And why such an obvious and clumsy admission? After his death, and for centuries thereafter, Sir Thomas More was known as the most famous victim of Henry VIIIs tyranny. Margaret and her son, Henry, pressed Arthur's widow to take a vow of perpetual chastity to preserve her inheritance for her Pole children. Margaret's relationship with Henry VIII, must have been good. Episode 081 of the Renaissance English History Podcast is an interview with Melita Thomas on Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury. Henry VII also decided, about that time, to marry the 15-year-old Margaret to his half-cousin, Sir Richard Pole. Ironically, it was his own honesty and probity which ensured his continued service to Henry. Gender: Male. Even as he secretly wore a hair shirt, he openly and consistently fasted, prayed, and maintained a relatively modest household. The charge was treason. It gave the king pause, and More was allowed to return home. With the accession of the young king uxorious, beautiful and benign England seemed to have entered a golden age: and at his coronation, all the spectators, and presumably Margaret Pole with them, with great reverence, love and desire, said and cried: Yea, yea!. Certainly Henry wanted Mores support. Read anywhere with the London Review of Books app, available now from the App Store for Apple devices, Google Play for Android devices and Amazon for your Kindle Fire. After Henry's second wife, Anne Boleyn, was arrested, and eventually executed, Margaret was permitted to return to Court, albeit briefly. How to Be Tudor: Can a King Have Friends. He had several other livings, although he had not been ordained a priest. Margaret's mother was the eldest daughter of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick. Eleanor was related through marriage to Lady Margaret Beaufort's extended family.) He married Anne Neville, a younger sister of Margaret's mother, Isabel. Managed all schedules for company and . Edward IV died in 1483 when Margaret was ten. Afterwards, he made a botched suicide attempt. His eldest daughter Margaret married the lawyer William Roper in 1521, and More continued his practice of prayer and supervision of learning at his home. The eldest daughter of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York, Margaret was the sister of Henry VIII. Sir Thomas Pole was a member of the aristocracy in England. Meanwhile, time was passing and a king used to instant obedience was determined to wait no longer. The reasons were various, but the most important was Katharines position as aunt to the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V. Charles would not let his aunt be cast aside (he was also considering the dynastic appeal of her daughter with Henry), and he pressured the pope to deny Henrys petition. Pope Leo XIII beatified her as a martyr for the Roman Catholic Church on 29 December 1886. On the 27th May 1541, the elderly Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury, godmother and former governess to Henry VIII's daughter Mary, was executed at the Tower of London. It was Mores execution far more than those of Anne Boleyn or Thomas Cromwell or Margaret Pole which established the kings reputation for capricious cruelty. But with him away from court there were outside influences on their relationship that neither brother could see coming. Mores brilliance of mind and curious, kindly character gained him many friends and admirers. by Susan Higginbotham. But he knew what was coming. Because of this, she becomes an unprovoked target for the King's anger. Margaret was superfluous; curtly, Henry wrote her off as a fool. She, her grandson, Henry (son of her own son Henry), and Exeter's son were held together and supported by the king. Henrys adult opponents were dead or driven abroad. In theory, after she married, a womans personal property and real estate were at her husbands disposal. Elizabeth Darrell, later Thomas Wyatts mistress, refused the oath; Lady Hussey, wife of one of Marys household, was imprisoned because she would not accept Marys exclusion from the succession and insisted on addressing her as a princess. He worked eight years as undersheriff and proved himself an impartial judge and able administrator. There was a new king, a handsome, athletic young man who had once been destined for the church. According to some stories, which are not accepted by many historians, she refused to lay her head on the block, and guards had to force her to kneel. There was a feeling in England that a new era had begun. [15][16], On the morning of 28 May 1541, Margaret was told she was to die within the hour. The skeleton was not complete, but part of the skull had survived, and certain other bones. As part of the investigations into the so-called Exeter Conspiracy, Geoffrey Pole was arrested in August 1538. Henry, the eldest son, though knighted and given the family title Lord Montagu, did not share the general admiration for the king. When Reginald was seven, and Margaret a widow with an uncertain future, she sent him to be educated at Sheen with the monks of the Charterhouse. He has been held up to schoolchildren for centuries as the most. It is only in posteritys schoolroom view that Bosworth was the end of the Middle Ages or the end of anything; the noble families didnt think their wars were over, and indeed they were not, because in 1487 the new king was defending his throne at the Battle of Stoke. And her gender did not necessarily disqualify her from becoming leader of the opposition if that was what she chose. The sons of Edward IV, 11 and 13 years old, had been held in the Tower by their uncle Richard III, and last been seen by Londoners in the summer of 1483. But in late June she was back at court by the side of Queen Jane, and the king was looking forward to an era of peace and fertility. As a young man, he seriously contemplated joining the priesthood, only to become one of the most successful politicians of his time. He later characterized this as abandonment by his mother, and bitterly resented it for much of his life, although he became an important figure in the church. To help with her financial situation, she gave one of her sons, Reginald, to the church. Her first son, Henry Pole, was created Baron Montagu, another of the Neville titles, speaking for the family in the House of Lords. He was even more aware than the king of Mores popular appeal; and this was to Mores detriment for it meant that his refusal to publicly support the king was not something that could be forgiven or forgotten. To my principles!". Their old friendship was past; the kings new advisors were anti-Catholic and pro-Protestant, most notably among them was Thomas Cromwell. More was not a man to be broken by prison, but he suffered physically. Because she was a girl Margaret did not represent the same threat. Mores only communication with Barton had been to warn her against meddling in affairs of state. Born in 1473 into a world of bloody dynastic feuds, she survived under the first Tudor and thrived under the second, until she and her family, long suspected of plots against the regime, were destroyed. Two written eyewitness reports survived her execution: one by Marillac, the French ambassador, and the other by Chapuys, ambassador to the Holy Roman Emperor. But if the great Sir Thomas More believed the king to be wrong? It mattered to London shopkeepers, and to great churchmen. And the king was now newly enamored of a young noblewoman called Anne Boleyn. Thomas came from wealthy families, from trade (his father was a wealthy baker) and the law. His name was on the attainder and he was brought before the Privy Council in February 1534. Hilary Mantel. Columbus, Ohio Area. As part of the evidence for the bill of attainder, Cromwell produced a tunic bearing the Five Wounds of Christ, symbolizing Margaret's support for the Church of Rome and the rule of her son, Reginald, and the king's Roman Catholic daughter, Mary. He died on 8 August 1420. As widows, or as deputies to living husbands, they handled complex legal and financial affairs with aplomb, while assenting outwardly at least to their status as irrational and inferior beings. The next year, when her sons were mixed up with Buckingham, she was removed from that appointment, but later restored to it by 1525. Both Sir Thomas More and Margaret Pole were devout Catholics, dedicated to their faith and their country. [2] As one of the few members of the House of Plantagenet to have survived the Wars of the Roses, she was executed in 1541 at the command of King Henry VIII, the second monarch of the House of Tudor, who was the son of her first cousin, Elizabeth of York. Pole and his hagiographers gave several later accounts of Pole's activities after Henry met Anne Boleyn. And because of his early education in religious matters, Henry was no mere spectator in religious debate. Biography. His resignation was at first not accepted. Thomas More was born on 7 February 1478 in London, the son of a successful lawyer. Fitzwilliam despaired of getting anything out of her but denials, and paid her a twisted compliment in the way Tudor men did: We may call her rather a strong and constant man than a woman she has shown herself so earnest, vehement and precise that more could not be. When he told her that her goods had been seized, she must have known it was the beginning of the end, and seemeth thereat to be somew[hat] appalled, but neither then nor at any later point did she profess anything but loyalty to Henry and regret at her familys folly. Her heads. In some cases, they conspired against the crown while claiming, if it went badly, that their weak female brains had been addled by male influence, and that fragility and brittleness allowed their trust to be easily abused. Known for:Her family connections to wealth and power, which at some times of her life meant she wielded wealth and power, and at other times meant she was subject to great risks during great controversies. Edward was briefly displayed in public at St Paul's Cathedral in 1487 in response to the presentation of the impostor Lambert Simnel as the "Earl of Warwick" to the Irish lords. Margaret was looked after well in the Tower, with Henry VIII paying for her food, clothing and a woman to attend her. However, we should not assume that Mortons politics had any profound impact upon More. By Caroline Hallemann Published: Nov 24, 2020 Illustrated statistics ; Map ; Browse using this individual as Sosa/Ahnentafel #1 . Katheryn Howard was fortunate. The next year, the late king's marriage was declared invalid by the statute Titulus Regius of 1484, making his children illegitimate. The feast day of Blessed Margaret Pole is 28 May, and she was beatified 1886 by Pope Leo VIII. She was the niece of Edward IV and Richard III of England by way of their brother George Plantagenet, 1 st Duke of Clarence. As a newly elected representative for London in Parliament and an undersheriff in the city, he was deeply involved in public life. European rulers keen to destabilise England had promoted the claims of this plausible, glamorous young man, but by the summer of 1498 he was in the Tower, about to embark on the last act of his mysterious life. His brother came to the throne in 1509 as Henry VIII, married the widowed Catherine, and in a first flush of goodwill began to repair the damage to Margarets fortunes. She built herself a castle at Warblington, close to the sea on the Hampshire-Sussex border. In Utopia, he identified himself as a citizen of London, and it was in London that he was born on 7 February 1477, the only surviving son of John More and his first wife, Agnes Graunger. On 14 November 1538, Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, was arrested. geralmente . Nor make one step, as you shall see; Perhaps the contrast with the quiet, gentle Jane was too striking. Perhaps more than any other courtier of Henrys reign, More embodied the searching, troubled spirit of the early 16th century. Her daughter Ursula married the Duke of Buckingham's son, Henry Stafford, but after the Duke's fall, the couple were given only fragments of his estates. But time and impatience had made him emphatic in his righteousness. Where is Hans Holbein when you need him? Her mother died after giving birth to a fourth child; that brother died ten days after their mother. True or not, the marriage proved to be happy and fruitful, though of brief duration. In April 1523, he was elected speaker of the House of Commons. On her wrist, emblematic, is a small barrel. Thomas More is the "Man For All Seasons" in the title of the play. Bishop of Rochester, and Sir Thomas More, once Chancellor of England and a close royal friend, had both . Sir Thomas de la Pole was born circa 1378. There is an apocryphal story that Morton predicted his bright and lively page would grow into a marvelous man. After Richard III seized the throne, he sent Margaret to Yorkshire with her brother. 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thomas more and margaret pole relationship