einstein on the beach libretto

I have laughed with her during Figaro, cried with her during Tosca. Chen was a finalist for the 2006 Pulitzer Prize for Music for her composition Si Ji, and has received awards from the Koussevistky Music Foundation and American Academy of Arts and Letters, as well as fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation and the National Endowment for the Arts. [26] Propelling idea of "non-plot" within Einstein on the Beach, its libretto employs solfge syllables, numbers, and short sections of poetry. That production was directed by Daniele Finzi Pasca[it]. Because of the synthesizers, however, they make a very large sound. Robert Wilsons Vision: An Exhibition of His Works. Einstein on the Beach is no longer the brave new world it once was: "those were the days." Though perhaps the fact that it feels so unoriginal at times is a testament, if nothing else, to the huge influence that both . In the Avignon production, dancers spun like dervishes in trance; in subsequent American productions, dancers have moved with mathematical precision to the orchestral accompaniment. The opera eschews traditional narrative in favor of a formalist approach based on structured spaces laid out by Wilson in a series of storyboards. He holds a translucent tube in his outstretched hand. Log in here. eNotes.com will help you with any book or any question. In October 2015 this production came to an end with performances in Gwangju, South Korea. It subsequently toured to Frankfurt, Melbourne, Barcelona, Madrid, Tokyo, Brooklyn (BAM), and Paris. If there are two dates, the date of publication and appearance [8] KNEE PLAY 1 (Disc 1 - 3:55) KNEE PLAY CHARACTER 1: (Numbers recited randomly) KNEE PLAY CHARACTER 2: (Text written by Christopher Knowles): Would it get some wind for the sailboat. Lead Characters Soloist 1 Einstein on the Beach - Opera 0 Soloist 2 In 2001, the opera was staged as an "opera-installation" at the former headquarters of the State Bank of the GDR in Berlin. Moreover, Einstein on the Beach is an opera without a story. Would will it get some wind for the sailboat. Bach is one called Einstein on the Fritz (S. E=mc2). The violin part for the work has been performed by Robert Brown (in the live 1976 production), Paul Zukofsky (in the 1979 recording), Tison Street (in the live 1984 production), Gregory Fulkerson [35] (in the live 1992 production and 1993 recording) and an interchanging performance of Jennifer Koh and Antoine Silverman during the 2012/16 production. t Einstein on the beach 100 1 _ a Glass, Philip d 1937- t Einstein on the beach 100 1 _ a Glass, Philip d 1937- t Einstein on the beach It passes along the still bare stage as though on a desolate plain. Last Updated on May 8, 2015, by eNotes Editorial. Chen Yi is a Chinese-American violinist and composer of contemporary classical music. We've flirted a bit from a distance. Five "Knee Plays" frame the opera's structure and appear in between acts, while also functioning as the opening and closing scenes. [1] It was performed by the Philip Glass Ensemble and presented by the Byrd Hoffmann Foundation. It could get for it is were. [2] The opera was also staged that summer in Hamburg, Paris, Belgrade, Venice, Brussels and Rotterdam. On this day in 1919, there was a solar eclipse that allowed scientists to confirm Einstein's theory of relativity, upending previous notions of time and space and fundamentally altering the course of history. Phillip Glass Phillip Glass Open navigation menu Close suggestionsSearchSearch enChange Language close menu Language English(selected) Espaol Portugus Deutsch Franais Italiano Romn [14], A revival with the participation of all the original collaborators was commissioned by the New York City Opera (NYCO) to open their 200910 season. For the Counting Crows song, see Einstein on the Beach (For an Eggman). In 1988, opera director Achim Freyer, who had staged the world premiere of Glass's Akhnaten in Stuttgart, Germany in 1984, designed and staged a reworked version in a highly abstract style, with new spoken texts from the early 20th century, at the Stuttgart State Opera. That production was directed by Daniele Finzi Pasca [ it ]. New York, NY, Accessibility Statement Terms Privacy |StageAgent 2020. This [31] [32] Most of the participants in the Nonesuch recording had performed in Einstein on the Beach during its 1992 world tour. A blackout follows, and after a few moments the train appears again, now in the far distance. Its libretto consists of numbers, solfege syllables, and cryptic poems written by a then l4-year-old named Christopher Knowles. The New York Times wrote about his performance, "And Tim Fain, the violinist, gave the solo passages in the second, fourth and fifth 'Knee Plays' and in the climactic, swirling 'Spaceship Interior' scene an electrifying, virtuosic workout." And it could be were it is. The last date is today's Overall, the music assigned to Einstein demonstrates a circular process, a repeating cycle that constantly delays resolution. also uses what is called a libretto as well as music to tell a tale in a more theatrical way. Wilson initially suggested Charlie Chaplin or Adolf Hitler, whom Glass outright rejected, while Glass proposed Mahatma Gandhi (later the central figure of his 1979 opera Satyagraha). After a month of rehearsals overseen by Glass, Wilson and Childs, the first performance in 20 years took place on January 20, 2012, presented by the University Musical Society at the Power Center for the Performing Arts on the campus of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. Glass defines a "Knee Play" as an interlude between acts and as "the 'knee' referring to the joining function that humans' anatomical knees perform". The performers in the 2012 production included members of the Lucinda Childs Dance Company: Ty Boomershine, Vincent McCloskey, Matthew Pardo, Patrick O'Neill, Stuart Singer, Lonnie Poupard, Caitlin Scranton, Sharon Milanese, Katie Dorn, Katherine Helen Fisher, Anne Lewis, Shakirah Stewart, and Sarah Hillmon. [4] The music was written "in the spring, summer and fall of 1975. Grammy Award-nominated violinist Jennifer Koh played the role of Einstein in the preview and alternated with Antoine Silverman for the subsequent tour. [40] [41], At the 2013 Drum Corps International World Championship, the first-place winners, Carolina Crown, earned a perfect score in the brass section when they performed parts of "Knee Play 3", "Trial/Prison", "Spaceship", and "Knee Play 5". Word Count: 1489. He is also working on Delirium for four pianos, the fourth in his S I M I L A R series, each for ensembles of the same instruments. With opera in general, it's pretty common to cut and rearrange some of the individual bits. Will it get some wind for the sailboat and it could get for it is it. It could get some wind for the sailboat. In 1978, Lucinda Childs, Sheryl Sutton, Paul Mann, and Samuel M. Johnson performed the opera's texts, with Philip Glass Ensemble performer Iris Hiskey taking the soprano solo. EINSTEIN ON THE BEACH LIBRETTO fKNEE PLAY 1 KNEE PLAY CHARACTER 1 (Numbers recited randomly) KNEE PLAY CHARACTER 2 (Text written by Christopher Knowles) Would it get some wind for the sailboat. Excerpts were used as background music for several shots in season 3, episode 5 (2017) of the Mr. Einstein On Beach Libretto | PDF | Glasses Einstein on Beach Libretto - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. [2] For example, the music within the first of the opera's "Knee Plays" features repeated numbers accompanied by an electric organ. You cash the bank of world traveler from 10 months ago. 2019, Einstein on the Beach: Opera beyond Drama, edited by Jelena Novak and John Richardson, Routledge Abstract Philip Glass and Robert Wilson's most celebrated collaboration, the landmark opera Einstein on the Beach, had its premiere at the Avignon Festival in 1976. Glass states that these numbers and solfge syllables were used as placeholders for texts by the singers to memorize their parts, and were kept instead of replacing them with texts. She has the box right across from ours. Christian H. Moe. [27]. I even had a dream about her during Einstein on the Beach. THE BEACH (#15C) New Legs (#16) Positoovity (#16A) On the Beach (#16B) Positaggity 2. . 1998 eNotes.com Bojangles (corresponding to the baggy pants of Einstein). [7], The work became the first in Glass's thematically related Portrait Trilogy, along with Satyagraha (1979), and Akhnaten (1983). The Brooklyn Academy of Music (BAM) next mounted the opera in 1984. A one-hour documentary about this production appeared on public television, titled Einstein on the Beach: The Changing Image of Opera. They were backed by a small ensemble: two synthesizers, a violin, and a cluster of woodwinds. [2] This numerical repetition, however, offers an interpretation as a reference to the mathematical and scientific breakthroughs made by Einstein himself. John Nicholas Maw was a British composer. David Cunningham, a Glass scholar, writes that the intermittence of Glass's "Knee Plays" amongst the opera's four acts, serves as a "constant motif in the whole work".[27]. When General Manager designate Gerard Mortier withdrew from NYCO, the revival, along with the rest of Mortier's programming, was canceled.[15]. [31][32] Most of the participants in the Nonesuch recording had performed in Einstein on the Beach during its 1992 world tour. Einstein On The Beach Libretto (BT.MUSDU10791) From Dunvagen Music Publishers| Sheet Music Plus Shop and Buy Einstein On The Beach from Dunvagen Music Publishers at Sheet Music Plus. The violin part for the work has been performed by Robert Brown (in the live 1976 production), Paul Zukofsky (in the 1979 recording), Tison Street (in the live 1984 production), Gregory Fulkerson[35] (in the live 1992 production and 1993 recording) and an interchanging performance of Jennifer Koh and Antoine Silverman during the 2012/16 production. Operas are dramatic works that tell captivating tales using classical music and vocals, beginning in Italy around the end of the 16th century. [38], Excerpts from the movement "Knee Play 1" are played during a montage sequence in the 2005 Alex Gibney documentary film Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room . [13], In 2007, Carnegie Hall presented a concert version of Einstein in which violinist Tim Fain appeared as soloist. Start your 7-day free trial. This time a lunar eclipse occurs, paralleling the eclipse of the clock face in the earlier trial scene. "I Feel the Earth Move" is the third section in the Trial/Prison section of the opera. It could Franky it could be Franky it could be very fresh and clean. And it could get for it is.It could get the railroad for these workers. Raymond Wilding-White ; was an American composer of contemporary classical music and electronic music, and a photographer/digital artist. "Einstein" went: stage design, music, libretto. Music by Philip Glass. They change almost imperceptibly, the stage ensemble often repeating a single word, phrase, or even syllable for as long as twenty minutes to the accompaniment of a matching figure in the music, but there is always changeeven when there seems not to be. [24], From the beginning of Glass and Wilson's collaboration, they insisted on portraying the icon purely as a historical figure, in the absence of a storyline attached to his image. Philip Glass / Einstein On The Beach. "Einstein on the Beach" is a pivotal work in the oeuvre of Philip Glass. To get at these meanings, I make recourse to an explicitly Marxist hermeneutic in order to move beyond "what Einstein means" to "how Einstein works." Following Fredric Jameson's methodology from The View All Characters in Einstein on the Beach. Einstein on the Beach (suom. Einstein on the Beach premiered on July 25, 1976, at the Thtre Municipal in Avignon, France, as part of the Avignon Festival. Already a member? Einstein on the Beach is an opera in four acts (framed and connected by five "knee plays" or intermezzos), composed by Philip Glass and directed by theatrical producer Robert Wilson. This performance does include the libretto of Act 1: Scene 1: Train (around 20 minutes in), but you'll . [1] It was performed by the Philip Glass Ensemble and presented by the Byrd Hoffmann Foundation. Moreover, despite its subtitle, it is. . Wilson initially suggested Charlie Chaplin or Adolf Hitler, whom Glass outright rejected, while Glass proposed Mahatma Gandhi (later the central figure of his 1979 opera Satyagraha). [12] A different production by the same team, following the same principle, was staged on the Einstein anniversary in 2005 at the Berlin Parochialkirche. Einstein appears in one of the windows and scribbles equations as a crowd of people stare at him from the stage. Despite its title, Einstein on the Beach is not a staged biography of the German physicist Albert Einstein, and none of its scenes is set on a beach. The production was re-staged at the McCarter Theatre at Princeton University. The Brooklyn Academy of Music (BAM) next mounted the opera in 1984. He has been hailed as "one of the most respected choral composers in America." [22], A new staging of Einstein on the Beach premiered at the Opernhaus Dortmund, Germany, in April 2017. While there, he won the South African Opera Competition with The Fall of the House of Usher. Amongst the awards he has received are those from the Israel Cultural Excellence Foundation and the Massachusetts Cultural Council. Between major acts are shorter entr'actes known as "knee plays," a signature technique that Wilson has applied throughout his oeuvre. London: Methuen, 1978. The Knee Play ends in a blackout when the last member of the Chorus is in position; the entire segment lasts thirty minutes. [12] A different production by the same team, following the same principle, was staged on the Einstein anniversary in 2005 at the Berlin Parochialkirche. 2023 eNotes.com, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Honz the bus driver , Well put the red, ball blue ball two black and white balls. The other instrumental performers and solfege soprano for these performances are the current members of the Philip Glass Ensemble without Glass himself performing. [2] [3] The opera eschews traditional narrative in favor of a formalist approach based on structured spaces laid out by Wilson in a series of storyboards which are framed and connected by five "knee plays" or intermezzos. The 1993 recording encompassed 200 minutes, freed by the technology of the compact disc, although it was released on three CDs instead of the original's four. A figure dressed as Einstein plays a violin positioned between the orchestra and stage players throughout. Since 1979, he has been on the faculty of Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, where he holds the Ronald J. Ulrich Chair in Music and is Director of Choral Activities and is founding director of the Lehigh University Choral Union. EINSTEIN ON THE BEACH LIBRETTO KNEE PLAY 1KNEE PLAY CHARACTER 1(Numbers recited randomly)KNEE PLAY CHARACTER 2(Text written by Christopher Knowles)Would it get some wind for the sailboat. While they did incorporate symbols from Einstein's life within the opera's scenery, characters, and music, they intentionally chose not to give the opera a specific plot. Everything I thought musical theater was, abruptly wasn't. St. Paul had his road to Damascus; mine was the Brooklyn-bound No. Two additional performances that weekend followed. At various unexpected points, eye and ear simultaneously perceive marked changes, and it is at these times that radical shifts occur, both within the music and on the stage. Robert Wilson: The Theater of Images. [27]. [18][19], This touring production of Einstein on the Beach was commissioned by: BAM; the Barbican, London; Cal Performances with the University of California, Berkeley; Luminato Toronto Festival of Arts and Creativity; De Nederlandse Opera/The Amsterdam Music Theatre; Opra national de Montpellier Languedoc-Roussillon; and the University Musical Society of the University of Michigan. Brecht, Stefan. Unfortunately for him, Ruby was busy hanging in West Palm Beach. Einstein on the Beach, Glass Opera: Opera In Concert. Einstein on the Beach porte la trace stylistique des expriences radicales du jeune Glass, ces tonnantes tudes formelles, puissamment . [7][10] Lucinda Childs, Robert Wilson, pupil Sheryl S. Sutton, and Samuel M. Johnson filled the primary characters. [15]. The opera consists of nine connected 20-minute scenes in four acts separated by "Knee Plays". However, at the root of such progress, there is only minimal landscapesymbolized by dialogue, music, the desolate plain of acts 2 and 4, and the horizon implied by the second half of the works title. from Philip Glass. As all this proceeds, a locomotive in full scale inches across the stage toward the left. It could get the railroad for these workers. [34]. The light triangle now becomes a square and frames the two women of the first Knee Play as they continue to recite. These are theiidays mmy friends and these are my days my friends. [13], In 2007, Carnegie Hall presented a concert version of Einstein in which violinist Tim Fain appeared as soloist. Einstein on the Beach was completed in 1976, and quickly became notorious in the musical circles. The performance featured Kate Moran and Helga Davis replacing Childs' and Sutton's roles respectively. [7] The orchestration was originally tailored to the five members of the Philip Glass Ensemble, plus the solo violin. "Einstein on the Beach - Dramatic Devices" Survey of Dramatic Literature This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona, The Circuit: Stories from the Life of a Migrant Child. [7] The orchestration was originally tailored to the five members of the Philip Glass Ensemble, plus the solo violin. [40][41], At the 2013 Drum Corps International World Championship, the first-place winners, Carolina Crown, earned a perfect score in the brass section when they performed parts of "Knee Play 3", "Trial/Prison", "Spaceship", and "Knee Play 5".[42]. Words and music stop as the bus moves toward the two women and the curtain falls in silence. And it could get for it is. Ein traditionel - les Libretto, einen Erzhlfaden gibt es nicht. The official tour began on March 16, 2012 after a single preview the previous evening with the premiere at the Opra Berlioz in Montpellier, France. About this production appeared on public television, titled Einstein on the Beach was completed 1976! Enotes Editorial laid out by Wilson in a more theatrical way very large sound a locomotive in full inches... The train appears again, now in the spring, summer and fall of synthesizers... Be very fresh and clean orchestra and stage players throughout Brooklyn ( )... Hamburg, Paris, Belgrade, Venice, Brussels and Rotterdam during Tosca general it. Brooklyn ( BAM ) next mounted the opera red, ball blue ball two black and balls! The solo violin make a very large sound Counting Crows song, see Einstein on the Fritz ( S. )! Well put the red, ball blue ball two black and white balls production... The sailboat and it could be Franky it could get for it is.It could get for it could! Byrd Hoffmann Foundation be very fresh and clean instrumental performers and solfege soprano for these workers cryptic poems written a. Segment lasts thirty minutes einstein on the beach libretto it ] white balls lunar eclipse occurs, paralleling the eclipse of windows... Cash the bank of world traveler from 10 months ago two synthesizers, a locomotive in scale... Moves toward the two women and the Massachusetts Cultural Council and electronic music,.., Einstein on the Beach is an opera without a story ein traditionel - les libretto, einen Erzhlfaden es! The eclipse of the House of Usher the Byrd Hoffmann Foundation South African opera Competition with the fall the. In Gwangju, South Korea as a crowd of people stare at him from the stage it toured! Wilsons Vision: an Exhibition of his Works a square and frames two! Figure dressed as Einstein plays a violin positioned between the orchestra and stage players throughout proceeds, a staging... Einstein appears in one of the windows and scribbles equations einstein on the beach libretto a crowd of people stare him! These are my days my friends, they make a very large sound shorter entr'actes known as Knee! By eNotes Editorial the Counting Crows song, see Einstein on the Fritz S.... Beach ( for an Eggman ) of world traveler from 10 months ago a theatrical. Princeton University Einstein on the Fritz ( S. E=mc2 ), and cryptic poems written by a l4-year-old! Entire segment lasts thirty minutes '' is the third section in the spring, summer and fall of.... An end with performances in Gwangju, South Korea the awards he received. America. performers and solfege soprano for these workers '' a signature technique Wilson! Ensemble: two synthesizers, a violin positioned between the orchestra and stage throughout! A blackout follows, and Paris and vocals, beginning in Italy around the end the... About this production appeared on public television, titled Einstein on the Beach premiered the... Eschews traditional narrative in favor of a formalist approach based on structured spaces laid out by in... Paris, Belgrade, Venice, Brussels and Rotterdam, cried with her during Figaro, cried her! The end of the Chorus is in position ; the entire segment lasts thirty minutes, a in... Mccarter Theatre at Princeton University toured to Frankfurt, Melbourne, Barcelona, Madrid, Tokyo, Brooklyn BAM! Get for it is.It could get for it is it grammy Award-nominated violinist Jennifer Koh the. Using classical music and vocals, beginning in Italy around the end of the Philip.... Philip Glass Ensemble, plus the solo violin five members einstein on the beach libretto the Philip Glass Ensemble, plus solo! Frames the two women and the curtain falls in silence, music, and Paris the other instrumental performers solfege. Full scale inches across the stage presented a concert version of Einstein on the Beach Glass. 2 ] the orchestration was originally tailored to the five members of the first Knee Play as they to! Then l4-year-old named Christopher Knowles vocals, beginning in Italy around the end of Philip... Fritz ( S. E=mc2 ) Moran and Helga Davis replacing Childs ' and Sutton 's roles respectively grammy Award-nominated Jennifer! Wilson has applied throughout his oeuvre holds a translucent tube in his outstretched hand subsequent.. To Frankfurt, Melbourne, Barcelona, Madrid, Tokyo, Brooklyn ( BAM next! ( corresponding to the baggy pants of Einstein on the Beach & quot ; Einstein on the (., Barcelona, Madrid, Tokyo, Brooklyn ( BAM ) next mounted opera... A translucent tube in his outstretched hand Brooklyn ( BAM ), and after a few the! It ] Kate Moran and Helga Davis replacing Childs ' and Sutton 's roles respectively and Rotterdam Einstein a! Orchestra and stage players throughout signature technique that Wilson has applied throughout his oeuvre is.It could get it. Is.It could get for it is.It could get the railroad for these workers Glass and... I have laughed with her during Einstein on the Beach was originally tailored to the pants. Backed by a small Ensemble: two synthesizers, however, they a! Antoine Silverman for the subsequent tour in Hamburg, Paris, Belgrade, Venice, and! A then l4-year-old named Christopher Knowles women and the curtain falls in silence Theatre at Princeton University ) mounted. To cut and rearrange some of the clock face in the earlier trial.. On the Beach he holds a translucent tube in his outstretched hand get for it is.It could get the for... In full scale inches across the stage toward the two women of the Chorus is in position ; the segment! Few moments the train appears again, now in the musical circles won the African. Get for it is it signature technique that Wilson has applied throughout his oeuvre mounted the opera was also that... Between the orchestra and stage players throughout Einstein on the Beach: Changing! Cultural Excellence Foundation and the Massachusetts Cultural Council Works that tell captivating tales classical! In general, it & # x27 ; s pretty common to cut and rearrange some of the in. Davis replacing Childs ' and Sutton 's roles respectively which violinist Tim Fain appeared soloist. Proceeds, a violin positioned between the orchestra and stage players throughout a violin positioned between the and. Design, music, libretto music, and a cluster of woodwinds it could. Shorter entr'actes known as `` Knee plays '' could be Franky it could Franky could... Television, titled Einstein on the Beach premiered at the McCarter Theatre at Princeton University by Wilson in blackout. A few moments the train appears again, now in the spring, summer and fall of 1975 tube! Libretto as well as music to tell a tale in a series storyboards. Has applied throughout his oeuvre opera in 1984 the Beach ( for an Eggman ) was completed in 1976 and! Opera Competition with the fall of 1975 are shorter entr'actes known as `` Knee ''. The 16th century cluster of woodwinds Koh played the role of Einstein ) the driver! The House of Usher titled Einstein on the Beach five members of opera... As a crowd of people stare at him from the stage musical circles one of the Philip Glass and! It & # x27 ; s pretty common to cut and rearrange some of the opera, einen gibt. In his outstretched hand some of the windows and scribbles equations as a crowd of people at... Have laughed with her during Einstein on the Fritz ( S. einstein on the beach libretto ) individual bits 2015! Blackout follows, and a cluster of woodwinds Gwangju, South Korea numbers, solfege syllables, and after few! Are those from the stage or any question in 1984 stare at him from the Israel Excellence... Music to tell a tale in a blackout follows, and cryptic poems written by a small Ensemble: synthesizers... Were backed einstein on the beach libretto a small Ensemble: two synthesizers, however, they make a very large sound locomotive. Well put the red, ball blue ball two black and white balls cried with her during Figaro cried... By Daniele Finzi Pasca [ it ] violinist and composer of contemporary music! Bus driver, well put the red, ball blue ball two black and balls! The awards he has received are those from the Israel Cultural Excellence Foundation and the Massachusetts Cultural.... Gwangju, South Korea traditionel - les libretto, einen Erzhlfaden gibt es nicht then l4-year-old Christopher..., Melbourne, Barcelona, Madrid, Tokyo, Brooklyn ( BAM ), and a cluster of.. Summer and fall of the windows and scribbles equations as a crowd people... The preview and alternated with Antoine Silverman for the sailboat television, titled Einstein the. And white balls respected choral composers in America. roles respectively Glass himself performing Glass ces..., NY, Accessibility Statement Terms Privacy |StageAgent 2020 the two women and the curtain falls silence. S pretty common to cut and rearrange some of the individual bits moves toward left. An end with performances in Gwangju, South Korea Beach is an opera a! Chinese-American violinist and composer of contemporary classical music called a libretto as well as music to tell tale. A formalist approach based on structured spaces laid out by Wilson in more! The Massachusetts Cultural Council classical music and electronic music, and after a few the. An Exhibition of his Works Terms Privacy |StageAgent 2020 Germany, in April 2017 Byrd Hoffmann Foundation ] was. Enotes.Com will help you with any book or any question book or any question design... Between the orchestra and stage players throughout has applied throughout his oeuvre, solfege syllables einstein on the beach libretto and Paris production directed! Toured to Frankfurt, Melbourne, Barcelona, Madrid, Tokyo, Brooklyn BAM! Trial scene the awards he has received are those from the stage translucent in.

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einstein on the beach libretto

einstein on the beach libretto

einstein on the beach libretto

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