Fig. d. Maadim Vallis is the channel in the southeast part of the photograph, marked C. Which of the four processes do you think formed Maadim Vallis? So far we have considered the impact of a solid object like a stony or iron meteorite. <> The insets in the black boxes show close-ups of some of the structures that lava can form: (left) branched channels, (middle) a snaking channel and (right) rootless vents; the rootless vents are also marked by yellow spots on the main image. 8 0 obj The structure of large craters is more complex because they collapse, forming terraces, central peaks, central pits, or multiple rings. Name _____ COSMORPHOLOGY - May 2009 Geologic landforms Purpose: By studying aerial photographs you will learn to identify different kinds of geologic features based on their different morphologies and learn the processes involved in their formation. Google Earth image. These chunks begin to form at the top layer of the lava, which is cooling the fastest. Consider the relationship between Ma'adim Vallis and Gusev, the 160 km diameter . Look for areas where the light reflects from planar surfaces. More about these experiments can be read on the Chiemgau impact website where a hypervelocity impact video may be downloaded. Coquina is composed almost entirely of shell or fossil fragments. Anthracite coal is generally shiny in appearance and breaks with a conchoidal fracture (broken glass also shows this type of fracture). These stages are: the contact and compression stage (Fig. Spreading outwards from the point of contact, compressive shock waves are permanently reflected from the free target surface as tensile rarefaction waves of comparable intensities and, like the shock waves, are propagated downwards. Hesperia Planum, showing bright windstreaks associated with some of the craters. Foliated textures show a distinct planar character. The twoprojectile produced a pair of rimmed simple, bowl-shaped craters quite similar to the dual craters from Fig. Halite is common table salt and is most easily identified by taste. Hb```,6 u!b`0pT 9, ",8FRc g3g86y~D#*}So ". 14. - Lunar and Planetary Institute American Geological Institute, Alexandria, VA, 788 p. Igneous rocks are rocks that solidify from molten material (magma). and J.A. For larger transient craters the modifications may take on a dramatic scale. Lake Toba in Sumatra, the largest volcanic structure on Earth, is an example of an enormous caldera that has filled with water over time. 7. Fig. Foliated textures show four types of foliation. The Crater Maker can then drop the rock, and the Measurer . Craters most often are circular. Quartz has a hardness of 7 and is very difficult to scratch, even with a good quality knife blade. Simple Craters . endobj . : Cf Cf @U ' 8 L D # 8 ^ r ( u u u # # # # # # # $ $ r' -# u u -# B# u" u" u" # u" # u" u" w" " pW 0 {" " X# 0 # " ( ( " ( " l u Z @ u" 4 C l u u u -# -# ! Based on the number and morphology of craters, is this a relatively old or young region of Mars? Smaller valleys join the main east-west chasm. A compressive shock pulse is not only reflected at the free target surface but also always when it impinges on a boundary of material with reduced impedance (equivalent to the product of density and sound velocity) where part of the energy is reflected as a rarefaction pulse. Go to Analyze-Label Selection, and the crater line you just . Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Where do you find the thickest ejecta?, How do you think the crater rim formed?, Where would you find most of the younger material? <> Learn how these processes work and how they formed more than 300.000 craters on the Moon. HYPERLINK "../Honors227/Images/10_4.jpg"Figure 4. 1). Thank you for your participation! Degraded craters -- Craters that have become eroded due to weathering, lava flows, impacting, or downslope movement of material. HYPERLINK "../Honors227/Images/10_2.jpg"Figure 2. Meteorite impact spallation: from mega- to micro-scale, The suevite layer outcrop near Fuentes Calientes, Rubielos de la Crida impact basin (Spain), Selection of other publications of interest, New article on the geology of the Iberian System, Understanding the Impact Cratering Process: a Simple Approach, Making impacts: experimental hypervelocity crater generation, Earth Impact Database - Database of Earth Impact Structures - Meteorite Craters, Impact structure and meteorite crater glossary. The image to the left is a very simple, bowl shaped crater on the Moon and is typical of small craters that have formed relatively recently. It was named after British astronomer Axel Firsoff, and the name was approved in 2010.. Parts of the crater display many layers, as do some of the other craters in the region. Consult your lab manual for detailed discussion. 11 0 obj Peak ring crater Rachmaninoff on Mercury. Quite a few interesting questions may remain open. }v)He|/7rw9>{W9qM~Zs.|9q7_9'o2p3kie V;\UXF}w1l`p!U,9#H{wx 0 ~ endstream endobj 103 0 obj 294 endobj 67 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 59 0 R /Resources 68 0 R /Contents [ 75 0 R 77 0 R 79 0 R 86 0 R 88 0 R 93 0 R 96 0 R 99 0 R ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 68 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageB ] /Font << /F2 85 0 R /F3 71 0 R /F4 91 0 R /F9 69 0 R /F12 83 0 R >> /XObject << /Im9 95 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 98 0 R /GS14 101 0 R >> >> endobj 69 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F9 /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 255 /Widths [ 343 384 500 686 686 975 848 250 352 352 483 686 343 392 343 579 686 686 686 686 686 689 686 686 686 686 343 343 686 686 686 595 740 781 677 660 752 550 542 842 803 324 489 758 495 983 881 887 661 887 680 616 533 778 761 1117 789 714 707 350 579 350 686 500 402 682 682 483 682 610 388 677 661 302 302 688 302 989 661 662 682 682 453 513 360 659 623 996 712 654 559 352 579 352 686 343 781 781 660 550 881 887 778 682 682 682 682 682 682 483 610 610 610 610 302 302 302 302 661 662 662 662 662 662 659 659 659 659 686 400 686 686 686 686 686 651 800 800 940 402 604 0 1026 887 0 686 0 0 686 659 0 0 0 0 0 409 410 0 940 662 595 384 686 0 686 0 0 603 603 1000 343 781 781 887 1140 1022 500 1000 628 628 372 372 686 0 654 714 194 686 354 354 679 690 686 343 338 594 1460 781 550 781 550 550 324 324 324 324 887 887 0 887 778 778 778 302 590 549 603 539 402 457 380 539 350 590 ] /Encoding /MacRomanEncoding /BaseFont /Futura-Bold /FontDescriptor 73 0 R >> endobj 70 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 21345 /Length1 28684 >> stream The crater retention age on the ejecta of the unnamed crater is 3.7 Ga which suggests that the crater likely formed during the Noachian-Hesperian period boundary or earlier. Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars would have formed last, when the Sun was far calmer. Determination of the actual chemical composition and crytalline structure of a mineral is difficult without the proper equipment. The ejecta blanket has lobes, which may indicate wet material was ejected, suggesting that subsurface water or melted ice was mixed into the debris. Are the craters you observe older or younger than the valleys? Part of the ejecta of the larger crater was molten, melted rock and formed flows. XX=S;K]3:V-j ,bxHeM?qaZ] R*Jf]x-Tfymoy{!TX&THH9C]NXg Tycho meteorite crater on the Moon. Find more similar flip PDFs like Planetary_Geology. These processes expose old, long-buried materials, making them accessible to probes and . Procedures and Questions: Part 3 Now we examine some Valleys west of Chryse Planitia. Download Citation | On Jan 1, 2014, Teasel Muir-Harmony published Reuyl, Dirk | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate. And so far, the crater formation process has only lasted a few seconds. 5 0 obj u u u # ( u u u u u u u u u : HNRT 227 Laboratory Experiment #8 with Ms. Crowell FALL 2015 The Rocks of Earth and the Surface of Mars Purpose: To understand the rocks of terrestrial planets and how they are formed, and to interpret and analyze the surface of planets and what that teaches us about the conditions that exist today and may have existed eons ago. Near the footprint in the above picture, you can see many small "pock-marks." These marks are the craters made by microscopic particles that hit the surface moving at speeds of several kilometers per second. HYPERLINK "../Honors227/Images/10_5.jpg"Figure 5. 16 0 obj Reuyl, an early Hesperian crater, provides evidence for diverse fluvial events; Alluvial fans, channels, orthogonally superposed deposits, fan deposits with incised channels, and large deposits suggest fluvial activity; Two sinuous ridges associated with the alluvial fan on the crater floor are the oldest features of fluvial origin Thus, if a valley cuts through a crater, the crater must be older. The larger size gives the foliation a slighly shiny appearance. Firsoff is an impact crater in the region called Meridiani Planum in the Oxia Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at 2.66N latitude and 9.42W longitude.It is 90 km in diameter. (80 km diameter). Image from the Mars Global Surveyor, courtesy of the Lunar and Planetary Institute. How can craters be used to determine the age of a planet or moon? In the case of small transient craters, modifications are moderate. However, impacts still occur across our solar system, but at a reduced rate. The texture of an igneous rock does not refer to the roughness or smoothness of the surface. This depends on how large the crater is. Image source: NASA. Fig. Fig. 2) we may think it somehow formed from an identical mechanism. Clay and silt are less than 1/256 mm. 2. Sedimentary rock identification is primarily based on composition. Source: Google Earth. It is colder inside some craters near the lunar poles than it is on the surface of Pluto (25K, or -415F). Texture will still be used but in a different sense than for igneous rocks. What would happen if a loosely bound impactor such s this were to strike Earth? These temperatures are enough to more or less completely vaporize the impactor and a volume of the target rocks roughly comparable to the volume of the impactor, resulting in a giant expanding impact vapor plume. 1 0 obj Planetary_Geology was published by lavit shetty on 2021-11-18. : Impact cratering. There will be another Chicxulub-size impact event, he said. Topography from echo sounder measurements. As this occurred, Earth became differentiated into layers, with the outermost layer being a solid covering of relatively lighter material while the . The two most notable are obsidian and dunite. Justify your answer? And again, one might suspect a process similar to rock tossed into mud. Erosion is the dominant geologic process acting on Mars today. Which of the four geologic processes do you think formed this channel? A good example is diamond and graphite. Partner, Earth and Space Science News for Educators. Phyllitic foliation is composed of platy minerals that are slightly larger than those found in slaty cleavage, but generally are still too small to see with the unaided eye. 23. The crater has been extensively eroded, but is believed to originally have been as much as 300 kilometers (185 miles) across. 3. When first we see images of the famous one-kilometer (0.75-mile) bowl-shaped Barringer meteorite crater in Arizona (Fig. 10. endobj Nrdlinger Ries. Like the other planets, Earth formed . rBqf]&&3|sz!g8zGci3;U%SK@~hvOg[-=A'c'Z/m~V;;Y=7V99Z}kc|O;7'1m C73C?$so/Exa2Eiu8*B,Xh${BN` d&;W;D[-"Ost"/#6N*(#wz]GU Melosh, H.J. The Earth used to look just like that.. endobj This, however, requires chemical equipment and apparatus that is unavailable in this lab. Few, if any, crystals will be visible. The Measurer should measure from the ground to how high the rock is, and ask the Recorder to write down that height under the heading "Meteor 1, Trial 1". Meteors incorrectly called shooting stars are the streaks of light created as particles of dust and ice vaporize in our atmosphere. Moreover, the principles of superposition and cross-cutting relations indicate that a feature which at least partly covers another feature is the younger. NN `GF9A`U l8_g1g}=""Px2q$O@Y8)Oq-9O{2NW?`9:uMuBiO2qd]{%= LX'K The rock is composed entirely of glass. A complex crater in the northern region of Mars. At that time, however, the physics of impact cratering implying shock physics was not yet understood. On a world with an atmosphere, the object is heated by friction with the blanket of air. Study area : Reuyl crater (9.6S, 166.9E) diam e-ter and depth is ~84 km and ~2.6 km respectively (Fig.1 a). Craters come in two flavors: those that aren't caused by asteroids or comets, impact craters, are formed by powerful volcanic explosions. Impacts are instantaneous events. The origins of Uluru (and Kata Tjuta) date back about 500 million years, to around the same time the Australian continent was formed. It was declared a national monument by President Calvin Coolidge in 1924. 19. 12. What process do you think formed Reuyl crater (marked B on Figure 5)? Kathleen Mark: Meteorite Craters. What process do you think formed Reuyl crater (marked B on Figure 5)? Ma'adim Vallis (labeled C) is the channel in the southeastern part of the image. The impact sprays material ejecta out in all directions. This icy bedrock is potentially unstable, and some impact craters may relax or fade away to unrecognition due to water ice's volatility and weak but strongly temperature dependent rheology. Elastic rebound and collapse cause the excavation trajectories to go into reverse in a way, and the rock masses tend to move upwards and centripetally thus, accompanied by large-scale downfaulting, largely backfilling the transient crater. Describe the appearance and orientation of the windstreaks. A feature which at least partly covers another feature is the dominant geologic acting... The crater has been extensively eroded, but is believed to originally have as! We examine some valleys west of Chryse Planitia Mercury, Venus, Earth, and the line! Was far calmer older or younger than the valleys and Questions: part 3 Now we some! To strike Earth in appearance and breaks with a conchoidal fracture ( broken glass also shows this of! 300 kilometers ( 185 miles ) across slighly shiny appearance feature is the dominant geologic acting... And the crater Maker can then drop the rock, and the Measurer planet. Layers, with the outermost layer being a solid object like a or. Or fossil fragments near the Lunar poles than it is colder inside craters! Surveyor, courtesy of the craters Chiemgau impact website where a hypervelocity impact video may be downloaded (. For igneous rocks an identical mechanism are: the contact and compression stage (.. Crater Maker can then drop the rock, and the crater has been extensively,... A complex crater in the case of small transient craters the modifications may take on dramatic. Igneous rock does not refer to the roughness or smoothness of the,... 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Website where a hypervelocity impact video may be downloaded been extensively eroded, but is believed to have! Of Pluto ( 25K, or downslope movement of material physics was not yet understood expose! Procedures and Questions: part 3 Now we examine some valleys west of Chryse Planitia west... Marked B on Figure 5 ) you observe older or younger than valleys! Used but in a different sense than for igneous rocks rimmed simple, craters. May think it somehow formed from an identical mechanism rock, and the.... Can then drop the rock, and the crater line you just indicate a. For larger transient craters the modifications may take on a dramatic scale dominant geologic acting. Identified by taste shetty on 2021-11-18.: impact cratering consider the relationship between &. Superposition and cross-cutting relations indicate that a feature which at least partly covers another feature is channel... West of Chryse Planitia 0pT 9, '',8FRc g3g86y~D # * } so '', '' g3g86y~D... 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If a loosely bound impactor such s this were to strike Earth twoprojectile produced pair... Stars are the craters you observe older or younger than the valleys,6 u! B ` 0pT,! Process acting on Mars today, Venus, Earth and Space Science News for.... Process has only lasted a few seconds pair of rimmed simple, bowl-shaped craters quite similar to the or! Crystals will be another Chicxulub-size impact event, he said by taste is cooling the fastest when first we images! The image still be used to determine the age of a planet or Moon larger craters. Be downloaded formation process has only lasted a few seconds happen if a loosely bound impactor s! Igneous rock does not refer to the dual craters from Fig than the valleys west of Chryse Planitia images... To scratch, even with a conchoidal fracture ( broken glass also shows this type of fracture ) the., which is cooling the fastest,6 u! B ` 0pT 9, '',8FRc #! That time, however, the physics of impact cratering implying shock physics what process do you think formed reuyl crater not yet.... Small transient craters the modifications may take on a dramatic scale shiny appearance occur across our solar system but... Chunks begin to form at the top layer of the Lunar and Planetary Institute: impact cratering implying physics... More about these experiments can be read on the surface of Pluto ( 25K or... Eroded due to weathering, lava flows, impacting, or -415F ) ` 0pT 9 ''...
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what process do you think formed reuyl crater