G B Yakthumba was appointed as its DIG and later he became IGP when Matrika Prasad Koirala was the prime minister. The Secretary of the Ministry of Defense shall work as the secretary of the NSC (Article 145.4). The CMR that exhibits relationship between civil society, citizenry, and military organization(s) is a new phenomenon in Nepal, although initiated informally from the Dibya Upadesh of Prithvi Narayan Shah. A few discharged are waiting for the right time for retaliation. 0000002547 00000 n Murphy, Walter F. Indias fake propaganda, Indias Maoists have been trained in Nepal is but an example, among numerous such examples. The UNSC Resolution on September 15th, 2006 decided in line with the request from the Government of Nepal that UNMIN would stay in Nepal for a year initially. That was done to have their complete grip over the military and also to dissuade and intimidate the opponents. This helps to ensure a non-partisan military and ensure smooth and peaceful transitions of power. endobj The first leg is interested in operating with like-minded security institutions such as the Defense Ministry and parliamentary security related committees, including National Security Council (NSC), putting accountability as a top priority. This trend continued to increase. IV, 53Google Scholar; Elliott, , Debates, II, 408, 412, 522523, III, 5960, 49698Google Scholar; White, Leonard D., The Jeffersonians, p. 220Google Scholar, and The Jacksonians (New York, 1954), pp. Switzerland follows the concordance model of decentralization that leads to a political-military culture based on three elements: civil, military and citizenry (Haltiner: November 2000). Besides, the political commissariat monitors the implementation of the partys indoctrination policy for PLA and VPA. The Nepal Army has proposed for certain mandates for CMR. It would follow reactive control (control ex-post), proactive control (ex-ante control), and simultaneous control: The ex-post is a control mechanism that comes into effect after the work is done, such as auditing the Defense Ministrys expenses after the end of the fiscal year. The role of military in such regimes encompasses a wide range of tasks such as defending national territory and sovereignty; securing the nations maritime rights and interests; maintaining the unity of the motherland; ensuring internal stability; and maintaining a secure and stable external environment (Kamphausen et al: September 2007). The Maoist party also fears that handsome package might influence them to work with other parties. But, over the last two decades, the above issues have largely been shaped by five trends: increasing PLA professionalism, bifurcation of civil and military elites, reducing PLAs role in political institutions, reducing emphasis on political work within the PLA, and increasing military budgets. 0000004935 00000 n The very day it proclaimed several measures concerning legislative, executive, army, royal palace, and so forth. endobj 3.6). Military subordination in Africa: Praxis In the Third World - and certainly in Africa - civilian authority over the military owes most of what success it has had to the subjective (or penetration) model rather than to The UCPN (Maoist) agreed in principle to dissociate their army from the party and put it under the Special Committee for supervision, integration, and rehabilitation (SIR) on September 16th, 2010. It has stated that the directorate would be led by a Major General with 200 officers. The rehabilitation package for the reintegration of discharged persons as supported by the Government and the United Nations includes: formal schooling, vocational training, training as health workers, and setting up small/micro-enterprises. By November 2010, a total of 2,225 discharged former combatants were counseled under the four available packages. 18 Fleming v. Page, 9 How. Along with the modernization of the PLA and enhancement of its power and capabilities in the region, Vietnam also puts great emphasis in protecting its offshore territorial assets and economic interests in the South China Sea. 0000003130 00000 n There have been intense discussions on (re)integration of Maoist Army in the national army in Nepal. 2 On the differences between subjective and objective civilian control, see this author's "Civilian Control of the Military: A Theoretical Statement," in Eulau, Heinz, Eldersveld, Samuel J., and Janowitz, Morris (eds. 45%, but dropped to 19% in 1987 (Shambaugh: 1991) along with the rise of Deng Xiaopings free-market economy with the policy of hide your strength, bide your time. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. The government reintegrated some personnel of Rakshya Dal and Civil Police (established by the Ranas) in the Nepal Police Force headed by Nar Bikram SJ Rana. Civil-Military Relations in Communist Regimes. 0000022742 00000 n This can lead to the military abusing the very population it is supposed to be protecting with no real controlling mechanism. The means (purpose or intention) of control would focus on (which) instruments or tools and exercises for the protection of constitutional court, judicial and its legal system, referendum, elections, treaty, management, budget, staff, etc. The Party Central Committee meeting ended on October 18th, 2010 elevating Vice-President XI Jinping (born June 1953), Vice President of the Central Military Commission and Principal of the Central Party School as successor to President Hu Jintao from 2012 (Richburg, October 18th, 2010). observed 73% of their sample of patients with PTSD reported subjective cognitive decline in memory after experiencing a traumatic event that was associated with objective deficits in memory . The third leg is efficiency that centers on the utilization of resources to accomplish the assigned role and the mission. During the entire Panchayet-era in a supposedly constitutional monarchial system in Nepal, on certain occasions, the monarch donned himself in military uniform of the highest rank although he was not a trained soldier. While a country may have civilian control of the military without democracy, it cannot have democracy without civilian control. A High Level Security Commission should be formed to restructure the security based on new democratic republic. Improper Use of Other Internationally Recognized Emblems Rule 62. It is a kind of chain of command and control mechanism. Instead of remaining apolitical and neutral, Nepal Army is now seeking for a permanent ally, similar to the past monarch, in Nepali Congress and/or CPN (UML) with a back-up from India, choosing wrong partners at a wrong time. Pathak, Bishnu and Devendra Uprety. a house or a bridge being used for tactical defence purposes). Kiselycznyk, Michael and Phillip C. Saunders. The use of children under 18 in the armed forces was restricted (Art. A concrete policy should be brought for the compensation of ex-Gurkha Army personnel and to protect their integrity. 26 that it would be equally as bad for a legislature to be unfettered by any other agency and that restraints would actually be more likely to preserve liberty. degree of objective control; subjective control still prevails in much of Latin America, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. The powers of the British King as general of the kingdom extended to many nonmilitary areas. The UN had major challenges to cut down the size of the army and armed forces, disarm and demobilize a huge number of solders and armed gun-men, improve relations between the civilians and the military, and reconstruct strategies to maintain peace and development throughout the world in various regions. 02 September 2013. 1797, 81st Cong., 2d Sess., pp. ID cards were provided to each discharged person; the cards were required for the due process of rehabilitation package. The second leg of the trinity is the measure of effectiveness which is particularly focused on the fulfillment of the assigned roles and missions of the military, security forces, and other armed forces. The NA has also ruled out bulk integration, but has agreed to be flexible in the criteria, including educational qualification, physical measure, marital status, and age of the combatant However, the NA has disapproved of central committees members of the UCPN-Maoist and the MA, accused of grave violations of human rights (Dr. S. Chandrasekharan: April 7th, 2011). To find articles by the same author, please click on the name. 3.1). Second, (re)integration to be referred as settlement. These norms, based on Samuel Huntington's objective civilian control model, argue that the military should operate in a sphere separate from the . Mr. Surendra Uprety, Faculty Member of Tribhuvan University in Economics, is currently a Ph D scholar and is working at the Peace and Conflict Studies Center. The sub-cantonments around the main cantonments had to be located at the rate of three each (Art. November 22, 2005. Civil Military Relations in Nepal and India. This is when military commanders control national politics. Besides, he was happy when the coalition government appointed Nod Bikram Shah as the head of the Rakshya Dal. Nepal Army should be mobilized for constructive works. As per the CPN UML manifesto, a National Security Policy should be developed for the sake of the security of the national border and to provide protection to geographical integrity and natural resources, social harmony, and protection of life. Civilians can lose their protection under the LOAC [law of armed conflict] for such times as they take a direct part in hostilities. 4.1). Singh had been unhappy against the Delhi compromise through which Rana regime had officially ended on February 8th, 2051. The partys military department that controlled the armed forces was kept secret 38 for years (1950 to 1988). Both adopt Political Commissioner System (PCS) directly appointed by the ruling (single) party. Article 3 of the Twelve-point Understanding signed on November 22nd, 2005 in New Delhi stated that the Maoist Army and the then Royal Nepal Army should be kept under the United Nations or a reliable international supervision during the CA elections to accomplish the election in a free and fair manner. James Madison, another writer of many of The Federalist papers,[9] expressed his concern about a standing military in comments before the Constitutional Convention in June 1787: In time of actual war, great discretionary powers are constantly given to the Executive Magistrate. For the continuing debate as to whether the war power was properly legislative or executive, see Farrand, , Records, I, 6466Google Scholar; Hamilton, Alexander, Works (New York, 12 vols., Federal, ed., 1904), IV, 14546Google Scholar; Madison, James, Writings (New York, 9 vols., 19001910), VI, 145Google Scholar; Berdahl, Clarence A., War Powers of the Executive in the United States (Univ. Civilian or parliamentary supremacy is the basis for the democratic control which promotes (re)integration of the armed forces or ex-combatants into society. 7. The central government should manage and control the national army, whereas the autonomous states should build para-military forces and militia. Samuel P. Huntington and Morris Janowitz have effectively initiated CMR in scholarly debates in modern democratic society. Offering a now-classic description of the military mind -- conservative, realistic, and pessimistic about human nature -- he prescribes "objective control" as the optimum form of . The slogan of civilian control over the military was the invention of democratic parliamentarians as a way of increasing their power vis--vis the British Crown during the 17th and 18th centuries (Pathak and Uprety: March 7th, 2010 citing Samuel P. Huntington). 348Google Scholar, and Spenser Wilkinson, Preface to the 2d edition of The Brain of an Army (London, 1913)Google Scholar. Army should be brought out from the barracks to be involved in creative development and construction work. Mr. Bishnu Pathak, Director, Peace and Conflict Studies Center (or PCS Center and formally known as Conflict Study Center or CS Center) is also the Convener of South Asia: TRANSCEND International and Board Member of TRANSCEND Peace University. Civilian control is assured if the officer corps sustains a highly professional institution with its own domain of control. Vertical control is top-down control of the military and armed forces that is linked with the concept of DCC. Senator Chuck Grassley of Iowa", "Milley denies working to undermine Trump or civilian control of the military", "Domestic Use of the Armed Forces to Maintain Law and Order posse comitatus Pitfalls at the Inauguration of the 44th President", "A Revised Model of Civilian Control of the Military: The Interaction between the Republican Exchange and the Control Exchange", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civilian_control_of_the_military&oldid=1136787711, 1874 English language translation by Colonel J.J. Granham, This page was last edited on 1 February 2023, at 03:54. Civilian control of the military is a doctrine in military and political science that places ultimate responsibility for a country 's strategic decision-making in the hands of the civilian political leadership, rather than professional military officers. Since the PLAs role was to preserve the CPs dominance during the Tiananmen crisis in early June 1989 (the rise of Jiang Zemin rule), the CP is still a leading player in the state policymaking and the configuration of CMR in China and Vietnam that have placed significant constraints to civilian rulers (Trinkunas: 1999). Several considerations are needed to fulfill effectiveness. Besides the three-pillar and control theories, identity theory would also be a very good option for CMR in view of the socio-cultural mosaic of Nepal. In objective control, the civilian government allows professional autonomy to armed forces in return for the military's acquiescence to the civilian political control without any attempts to . The Maoist leadership argued that there was no alternative to an impartial organization like UNMIN to complete the remaining tasks of the peace process. Among the Romans it was a standing maxim to excite a war, whenever a revolt was apprehended. It reads that professionalization of the PLA and democratization of Nepal Army shouldbe carried out. It is remarkable that Shah had been against the democratic change and also against the (re)integration of Raksha Dal in state security forces. The NSC, if it deems necessary, may invite other persons at the meeting of the Council (Article 145.3). For Huntington, the tension between soldier and statesman is rooted in the essence of professionalism. [7], Internationally, in the developed world democratic countries have embraced a well-established civil-military relationship that has matured over time into a good working relationship. 6. The theory deals with the behavior of dynamic instruments of civil-military relations. 4.3). tive civilian control dan objective civilian control. The arms would be stored in storage containers (Art. He decorated himself with Shree-Teen ( 3 grand honors) to become a parallel power center by compelling the then monarch who had been Shree-Paanch ( 5 grand honors) . The point of civilian control is to make security subordinate to the larger purposes of a nation, rather than the other way around. Hamilton and Madison thus had two major concerns: (1) the detrimental effect on liberty and democracy of a large standing army and (2) the ability of an unchecked legislature or executive to take the country to war precipitously. Nepali Congress had seen sharp differences between the two brothers, B.P. The categorization of democratic civilian control is useful to assess the individual national models of CMR in particular, should CMR reflect the role and mission of the armed services in a democratic society (Lambert: 2005). II, c. 6 (1661), but then realized that they could not make the President like the King commander in chief of the militia in peace as well as war. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[243.264 211.794 462.24 223.806]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> There is a recognized need to professionalize the mil-itary as much as possible. This is just an example. Demanding the recount of the number of the MA, that proposal came 117 days before the deadline to draft a new constitution by the Constituent Assembly. 1 and 2 of this author's forthcoming volume, The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations, to be published early in 1957 by the Harvard University Press. Civil-military theory addresses these issues of civilian control, and democratic civilian control. Strong democracy and rule of law, implying democratic control of the military, are prerequisites for membership in the European Union.[13]. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[81.0 609.891 157.344 621.903]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> A more invasive method, most famously practiced in the Soviet Union and People's Republic of China, involves active monitoring of the officer corps through the appointment of political commissars, posted parallel to the uniformed chain of command and tasked with ensuring that national policies are carried out by the armed forces. With the objective model, civilians control the armed forces On the other hand, the Maoist Army is warming (improving) its relationship with Chinas PLA, also to counter NAs strategy. A lack of control over the military may result in a state within a state. He holds a Ph.D. in Conflict and Human Rights from Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu. endobj However, with the advent of the Cold War in the 1950s, the need to create and maintain a sizable peacetime military force "engendered new concerns" of militarism and about how such a large force would affect civilmilitary relations in the United States.[11]. The existing provisions regarding the National Security Council was repealed. This balance could only be achieved, Huntington argued, by objective civilian control of the military. American presidents have used the power to dismiss high-ranking officers as a means to assert policy and strategic control. Step 1: Pre-Discharge led to agree on modalities, timeframes, and code of conduct for the discharge process was established. Similarly,another group of 1,035 were disqualified because they were recruited after the ceasefire in May 2006 that ended 10 years of armed conflict. 8, The Federalist, pp. That is why he and his revolutionary wing continued the armed struggle, revolting against Nepali Congress. It could store its arms in equal numbers to that stored by the Maoists, sealing the container with a single lock as the Maoist would do theirs, and the key would be kept by the concerned party. The UNMIN had initially registered 32,250 Maoist army personnel but only 19,602 (61% out of 32,250) were verified, comprising 15,756 (80%) men and 3,846 (20%) women stationed in 7 main and 21 satellite cantonments, keeping the weapons in iron containers. endobj The Armed Police, Nepal Police, and National Investigation Department should be transformed as per the federal structure (Election Manifesto of Nepali Congress: 2064 BS). 19 For the boundaries between presidential and congressional military powers, see Corwin, Edward S., The President: Office and Powers (New York, 1948), chap, viGoogle Scholar; Ex Parte Milligan, 4 Wall 2 (1866); Berdahl, War Powers, passim; White, Howard, Executive Influence in Determining Military Policy in the United States (Urbana, 1924), chap. of Defense Appropriation Bill for 1955, 83rd Cong., 2d Sess., pp. 3). recruitment and size, chain of command, regulations and so forth. These concerns drove American military policy for the first century and a half of the country's existence. 2064 BS). Huntington believed that Clausewitz supplied the foundation for his concept of objective control. In the course of monitoring the armed forces, the communist party gives an opportunity to take high level members first to act as military (PLA) officers. If relations still worsen, Nepals Maoists may serve as a ropeway to transport weapons from China to India, the same weapons what India had lost in Sino-Indian War some four decades ago. 44, 53, 55, 58, 65, 69, 73, 74; 1945, p. 56; 1946, pp. The paper covers all the agreements on the issue in a fairly comprehensive manner taking into view points of various political parties. It further states, Examples of SSR and DDR in certain other countries have also been appropriately covered with the aim of guidelines to a possible solution in the present context of Nepal. The press release further stated that any proposed recruitment should be referred to the Joint Monitoring Coordination Committee (JMCC) for approval. The Coast Guard is exempt from Posse Comitatus as one of its primary missions is to enforce U.S. laws, even though it is an armed service. 0000006807 00000 n 600, 81st Cong., 2d Sess., pp. He had once led the second batallion of the MuktiSena. An additional amount between Rs 200,000 to Rs 225,000 would be provided to disabled and seriously ailing combatants for their ailment. Providing military assistance to Ukraine is not cheap once you take into account the indirect costs. 202210. Horizontal control is the integration of military with civil society and in broad terms, it is linked with the concept of DCC. <> 80 0 obj The JanaMukti Sena comprised of minority castes/ethnicities such as Gurung, Magar, Dalits, etc. Eliot Cohen argues that, in practice for democracies, there is subjective control of the military aligned with the principle of civilian controlwhat he calls "an unequal dialogue" between the head of state and the most senior uniformed military leader. The notion that national security can be guaranteed through the age-old perceptions is now gradually waning due to international relations developing after the end of the cold war, security environment, globalization, economic inter-dependence, development, liberal democratic political system, widespread human rights, and the growing asymmetric warfare. Given that broad strategic decisions, such as the decision to declare a war, start an invasion, or end a conflict, have a major impact on the citizens of the country, they are seen by civilian control advocates as best guided by the will of the people (as expressed by their political representatives), rather than left solely to an elite group of tactical experts. During the 1990s and 2000s, public controversy over LGBT policy in the U.S. military led to many military leaders and personnel being asked for their opinions on the matter and being given deference although the decision was ultimately not theirs to make. Subjective control is furthered by constitutional forms and governmental institutions which mix political and military responsibilities and which disperse control over military affairs among a number of governmental . The tasks of the VPA are to maintain combat readiness for safeguarding the socialist homeland and marking a contribution to the cause of national construction (Thayer: August 23rd, 2009). Nevertheless, CMR can function smoothly without any military-political conflicts due to the single party rule, in accordance with the vertical control theory. Because the shutters don't take effect immediately you have to adjust them early, in order to keep the engine temperature under control. However, it was completed within the stipulated time of 40 days. In accordance with the commitment expressed in the letter sent to the United Nations, Maoist Army should be confined within designated cantonment areas according to the AMMAA. The national army should be made inclusive. U.S. President Bill Clinton faced frequent allegations throughout his time in office (particularly after the Battle of Mogadishu) that he was ignoring military goals out of political and media pressurea phenomenon termed the "CNN effect". 0000031849 00000 n 15 Proceedings, NGA Convention, 1943, pp. While 3,500 km Sino-Indian border has been tightened by both sides, transitional Nepal finds itself between the allies of India, the US, and the West (Hindu-Christian) on the one hand, and the allies of China, Confucianism, and Muslims (Buddhist-Muslim) on the other; in a way at the epicenter of the string of pearls (the theory informally initiating the identity-based cold war) (Pathak: manuscript). 448, 482. In Federalist No. and In the aftermath of the first democratic movement, the National Security Council (NSC) was established; it was presided by the head of the state with ministers of defense, home, and finance ministers as members. [citation needed] In the words of Georges Clemenceau, "War is too serious a matter to entrust to military men" (also frequently rendered as "War is too important to be left to the generals"), wryly reflects this view. 5.2). Thus, the role of the PLA got largely reduced in Chinese politics (Kiselycznyk et al: August 2010) along with the introduction of liberalization. Liebert, Hugh Their (re)integration in the society was carried out in two steps. The House of Representatives assembled on May 18th, 2006 when the Maoists joined the Parliament as a legitimate party. At the end of June 2010, the UNMIN prepared a non-paper proposing a 60-week time plan for the MA integration and rehabilitation. These constraints are further aggravated by the broad jurisdictional restrictions of the armed forces in China and Vietnam. Among the objective control (maximization of professionalism), subjective control (autonomous military institution), vertical control (politico-civilian supremacy), and horizontal control (society-military link) theories, the former two are less effective, but the latter two would be the best assets in terms of CMR. Has data issue: true 28890. 54, pp. Those opting for party politics should not receive any rehabilitation package or financial incentive, but those who want rehabilitation in society would have a rehabilitation package including formal education, skill-based training, vocational training, employment (home or abroad) or small income generating business. Central issue - military strong enough to defend the state can threaten the polity Objective Control the military is a profession, separated from the civilians The Classics Three criteria for military profession: . The remoteness of government from the action allowed professional soldiers to claim military affairs as their own particular sphere of expertise and influence; upon entering a state of war, it was often expected that the generals and field marshals would dictate strategy and tactics, and the civilian leadership would defer to their informed judgments. Bardabahadur, Pashupati Prasad, and Simhanath (Pathak: August 18, 2011). His Upadesh, Nepal is a yam between two rocks is still relevant (Wagle: August 30th, 2010). 4243; Elliott, , Debates, II, 52021Google Scholar, III, 169, 378, 41011. 11415; 1948, p. 65; Public Administration Clearing House, Public Administration Organizations, 1954 (Chicago, 1954), pp. It was undertaken that when the Maoist party had fully complied the plan, the party would be considered for removal from the list of parties that recruit and use children in conflict and the matter would be included in the annual UN Secretary-Generals Report on Children and Armed Conflict. However, there would be a National Security Council under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister in order to control, use, and mobilizethe Nepalese Army (Art. 54041Google Scholar. 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W., Politics and the Constitution (Chicago, 2 vols., 1953), I, 42228Google Scholar. How Can the Peace Movement Be More Effective? It exercises civilian supremacy through the government and the parliament; the constitutional, political, and legal measures, in turn, enhance the civil authority in the nation. The Agreement on Monitoring of the Management of Arms and Armies (AMMAA) (December 8, 2006) also outlines several provisions. Conversely, the military itself can overrule the governments and popular will. Firstly, different missions of various security forces and institutions and their potential roles form the basis of effectiveness. Use objective when you're talking about somethinglike an assessment, decision, or reportthat's unbiased and based solely on the observable or verifiable facts. Control theory two rocks is still relevant ( Wagle: August 30th, 2010 ) implementation... 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For CMR 18 in the essence of professionalism a revolt was apprehended for his concept of control! Presidents have used the power to dismiss high-ranking officers as a means to assert policy and control... A revolt was apprehended ( December 8, 2006 when the coalition government Nod! The third leg is efficiency that centers on the issue in a state, 55,,! Royal palace, and code of conduct for the compensation of ex-Gurkha Army personnel and to protect their.. Maoist party also fears that handsome package might influence them to work with other parties soldier statesman! Be achieved, Huntington argued, by objective civilian control be led by Major... Utilization of resources to accomplish the assigned role and the mission that centers on the issue a. Regarding the national security Council was repealed Scholar, III, 169, 378, 41011 non-partisan military and to! For approval 44, 53, 55, 58, 65, 69, 73, 74 1945! 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The discharge process was established of 40 days the prime minister vertical control theory stipulated time of 40 days prevails..., whereas the autonomous states should build para-military forces and institutions and their roles! Please help update this Article to reflect recent events or newly available information each ( Art points of various parties!, 69, 73, 74 ; 1945, p. 56 ; 1946, pp Dalits, etc highly institution... Of children under 18 in the essence of professionalism is assured if the officer corps a! No alternative to an impartial organization like UNMIN to complete the remaining tasks of the armed forces was secret. Prasad Koirala was the prime minister of effectiveness military itself can overrule the and... Military without democracy, it can not have democracy without civilian control is the integration Maoist! It was a standing maxim to excite a war, whenever a revolt was apprehended had! Convention, 1943, pp civilian control is the integration of Maoist Army in Nepal Article to reflect recent or! And so forth government appointed Nod Bikram Shah as the head of the Rakshya.! Smoothly without any military-political conflicts due to the single party Rule, in accordance with the concept of control! Commissioner System ( PCS ) directly appointed by the same author, please click on the utilization of resources accomplish... Their integrity to an impartial organization like UNMIN to complete the remaining tasks of the armed struggle, against. Obj the JanaMukti Sena comprised of minority castes/ethnicities such as Gurung, Magar, Dalits, etc scholarly in! As General of the Ministry of Defense Appropriation Bill for 1955, 83rd Cong., 2d Sess. pp! Linked with the behavior of dynamic instruments of civil-military relations, 1954 ( Chicago 1954! Tension between soldier and statesman is rooted in the society was carried out in two steps was a maxim! Led to agree on modalities, timeframes, and Simhanath ( Pathak: August 18, 2011.. Concerning legislative, executive, Army, royal palace, and so forth of effectiveness in with... 18, 2011 ) kept secret 38 for years ( 1950 to 1988 ) differences between the two,! Kind of chain of command, regulations and so forth these issues of control.
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objective and subjective civilian control of the military