. History is who we are and why we are the way we are.. They follow returning American pilots and damage the Yorktown, but receiving more than 50% casualties. He also held several engineering, intelligence, staff and Naval War College positions up to the 1940s. World War II: Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher, World War II: Battle of the Philippine Sea. The combined American force consisted of three carriers, eight cruisers, 15 destroyers, 12 submarines and 353 aircraft, ranged against a grand total of 200 Japanese vessels and 700 planes. He also commanded Task Force 16 at the Battle of Midway, comprising the carriers Enterprise and Hornet. In one incident a distraught officer rushed to report, "Captain, we've just dropped a depth charge over the stern!" He did not discuss his private life, feelings, prejudices, hopes or fears, except perhaps with his family and his closest friends. John C. Waldron. D. Suburban America, 100 POINTS! On December 30, 1914, Spruance married Margaret Vance Dean, the daughter of an Indianapolis businessman. Historian Morison later described Spruances performance at Midway as superb. It's commanding officer, Captain Yanagimoto, volunteered to stay aboard and go down with his ship. About us| On 6 December 1941 Pearl Harbor was attacked by Japanese bombers and America was swept into World War Two. In this position, he traveled to London and Edinburgh. Raymond A. Spruance was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on 3 July 1886. While screening the American invasion of Saipan in June 1944, Spruance defeated the Japanese fleet in the Battle of the Philippine Sea. Although some historians and many newsmen have written many words about Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, U.S. Navy and his brilliant career in the Pacific in World War II, the complete story of this reserved and self-effacing man . While in that capacity he assumed additional duty as a member of the board on doctrine of aircraft in connection with fleet fire control. After serving aboard the battleship Iowa, Spruance went on a world cruise aboard the battleship Minnesota. Most common sailors were proud to serve under Halsey; most higher-ranking officers preferred to serve under Spruance. Spruance was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal, and in May 1943 he was promoted to vice admiral. The battle would open in the mist-shrouded Aleutians with airstrikes against Dutch Harbor on June 3, followed by landings at three points on June 6. Determining that New Mexico was not too badly damaged to remain on station Spruance kept her as his flagship for the rest of the campaign. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. https://www.historynet.com/admiral-raymond-a-spruance-modest-victor-of-midway/, Jerrie Mock: Record-Breaking American Female Pilot, How Operation Homecoming Was Sprung into Action to Repatriate American POWs. Spruance began World War II as a gunship admiral, commanding a division of . Before the Battle of the Coral Sea on 7-8 May 1942, the Imperial Navy of Japan had swept aside all of its enemies from the Pacific and Indian oceans. [27], Spruance was an active man who thought nothing of walking eight or 10 miles a day. From 1952 to 1955 Spruance served as the American ambassador to Philippines. He attended grade and high schools in East Orange, N.J., and in Indianapolis. The carriers were on station on June 2, and the following day Japanese transport ships were spotted 600 miles west of Midway Island. Once theBattle of the Philippine Sea came to an end, Spruance returned to Pearl Harbour to help plan other landings in the future. [22] Spruance later chose the battleship USSNew Jersey as his flagship, as the huge Iowa-class battleship had both room for his staff and the speed to keep up with the fast carrier task forces. Towards the end of that year, Spruance commanded a cruiser division supporting Admiral Halsey's carrier, the 'Enterprise', at Wake Island. Naval Academy in 1906 and from the Naval War College in 1927 where he taught for a few years. Finishing the course, he completed a tour in the Office of Naval Intelligence before being posted to USS Mississippi (BB-41) in October 1929 as executive officer. The Saipan campaign began with air attacks on June 10, 1944. A. [31] The series, based on Herman Wouk's book of the same name, shows Spruance's decision to end the battle and retreat rather than confront the rest of the Japanese fleet as having been opposed by his subordinates, and he was mocked behind his back as "lacking the stomach." He did not discuss his private life, feelings, prejudices, hopes or fears, except with his family and his closest friends. With Okinawa's fall in June, Spruance rotated back to Pearl Harbor to begin planning the invasion of Japan. Biographies, 20th century collection, Navy Department Library. ThoughtCo. Admiral Raymond Ames Spruance was a key American naval commander who served in the Pacific Theater of World War II. No detail was too small to bring these American prisoners home. Samuel Eliot Morison agreed: Power of decision and coolness in action were perhaps Spruances leading characteristics. With the island's fall, Spruance immediately moved forward with Operation Iceberg. Hickman, Kennedy. He suggested Spruance replace him as commander of the Fleet carrier force, despite the fact that Spruce had little experience with carriers. Shortly before leaving the Naval War College and retiring from the Navy on July 1, 1948, Admiral Spruance received a letter of commendation from the secretary of the Navy that read: Your brilliant record of achievement in World War II played a decisive part in our victory in the Pacific. Armed with this information, Fletcher ordered Spruance to launch a strike at the Japanese with Enterprise and Hornet while holding Yorktown in reserve in case the other Japanese carriers were discovered. Just before the planned invasion of Midway island in June 1942, Halsey suddenly became ill with shingles. "When I look at myself objectively," he wrote in retirement, "I think that what success I may have achieved through life is largely due to the fact that I am a good judge of men. ), honoris causa degree from Central Philippine University in 1955, an institution of higher learning founded by the American Baptist missionary, William Orison Valentine in 1905. The Japanese were trying to tow Soryu to safety when she was torpedoed and sunk by the U.S. submarine Nautilus. Hiryu class Japanese aircraft carrier that was part of the second detachment of the Japanese carrier strike force. On 13 May 1945, Admiral Raymond Spruance put pen to paper and described the second kamikaze attack he experienced at Okinawa. For about 20 minutes, fighters, dive bombers and torpedo bombers pounded the island, carefully avoiding damaging the runways because the Japanese hoped to eventually use them. They met practically no opposition because most of the Zeros were still close to the water, not having had time to climb and counterattack. The struggle by the U.S. Marine 2nd Division for Betio Islet on Tarawa Atoll was the bloodiest single action in the Corps long history. On February 26, 1940, Spruance reported as commandant of the 10th Naval District with headquarters at Naval Station Isla Grande in San Juan, Puerto Rico. However, his actions were both praised and understood by the main persons ordering and directly involved in the battle. From there, he went on to graduate from the U.S. His torpedo bombershaving switched to bombs for the attack on Midwaywere away, and most of his protective fighters were out on patrol. Besides, the Japanese only had 35 serviceable planes left, rendering her carriers toothless. In July 1907 he transferred to the battleship Minnesota and was aboard her during the historic around the world cruise of the Great White Fleet from 1907 to 1909. Web. The repulse of the Japanese invasion fleet at Midway, and critically the destruction of the Kido Butai, allowed the U.S. to gain parity in the naval air war. How can these and the knowledge they provide be used to spread His Word? "Foreward for Midway." US Naval Institute Proceedings 81, no. Privacy Policy, Admiral Raymond Spruance served in US Navy during. Arriving back in the United States, he underwent additional training in electrical engineering at General Electric before being posted to USS Connecticut (BB-18) in May 1910. Commanded the first Japanese air strike against Midway Island at the beginning of the battle. This approach of bypassing Japanese strong points, such as Truk, was applied on a large scale as the Allies devised their strategy for moving across the central Pacific. Following the campaign, Spruance turned the fleet over to Halsey and began planning operations to capture Iwo Jima. The victory at Midway, meanwhile, was a tonic for American morale, which had not yet recovered from the disastrous December 7, 1941, raid on Pearl Harbor. Lieutenant in command of the USS Yorktown air group. At Midway, Spruance's force inflicted on the Imperial Japanese Navy its worst setback in 350 years. The battle commenced on the morning of June4; the first several waves of U.S. attack aircraft were badly beaten, both near Midway and at sea around the Japanese task force. During the last year of World War I he was assigned as Assistant Engineer Officer of the New York Naval Shipyard, and carried out temporary duty in London, England and Edinburgh, Scotland. Spruance became Commander of the 5th Fleet in November 1943, which presented him with command of the Central Pacific Forces. Answer: Admiral Yamamoto had hoped to fight a classic-style sea battle with battleships, but Spruance had proved that the aircraft carrier was now emerging as the capital ship of naval combat forces. The slow-moving Devastators were easy targets for the Japanese gunners and Mitsubishi A6M2 Zero fighters, and all 15 were shot down. "Well, pick it up and put it back," was Spruance's measured response.[8]. When you moved into Admiral Spruance's command, the printed instructions were up to date, and you did things in accordance with them.[19]. Both commanders hoped for a classic battle with the Imperial Japanese Navy, but only Mitschers carrier planes were able to reach the enemy. His seagoing career was extensive, including command of five destroyers and the battleship Mississippi. "World War II: Admiral Raymond Spruance." On October 16, 1946, the former Secretary of War, Robert P. Patterson, presented the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Admiral Spruance, with citation as follows: Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, U.S. Navy, as Task Force Commander during the capture of the Marshall and Marianas Islands, rendered exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services from January to June 1944. With it he intended to significantly expand the Imperial Japanese Navy's outer defense perimeter across the central Pacific; and, he believed, this very powerful stroke against Midway would so severely threaten Hawaii and Pearl Harbor that the U.S. government would be induced to sue for peace. [25], Spruance was President of the Naval War College from February 1946 until he retired from the Navy in July 1948. Early on the morning of Thursday, June 4, 1942, Nagumos carriers launched a 108-plane strike against Midway and inflicted One exception was Admiral John Towers, a constant critic of Spruance, whom Spruance came to despise for his naked ambition.[18]. However, Spruances fleet was also charged with guarding the amphibious landings at Saipan and Tinian. However a second strike from Hiry would fatally cripple Fletcher's flagship, Yorktown and as a result, Fletcher passed command to Spruance, who would command the mop up phase of the battle. Spruance directed Operation Hailstone against the Japanese naval base Truk in February 1944 in which twelve Japanese warships, thirty-two merchant ships and 249 aircraft were destroyed. Then he returned to the Naval War College as a staff member. He was responsible for leading the 5th Fleet into the pivotal Battle of the Philippines Sea, nicknamed the 'Great Marianas Turkey Shoot' because a total of 365 Japanese planes were brought down. His classmates included Arthur L. Bristol, William L. Calhoun, William A. Glassford, Charles C. Hartigan, Aubrey W. Fitch, Frank J. Fletcher, Robert L. Ghormley, Isaac C. Kidd, John S. McCain Sr., Leigh Noyes, Ferdinand L. Reichmuth, John H. Towers, Russell Willson, and Thomas Withers. Midway Island sent a false message stating that its water distillation plant had been damaged and that the base needed fresh water. Shortly after the Midway battle, Spruance became chief of staff to Admiral Nimitz, and in September 1942 was appointed as Deputy Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet. Yet the decision is hailed by the series's narrator as instrumental in sealing the American victory. Lieutenant Commander Maxwell Leslies VB-3 from Yorktown attacked the carrier Soryu. There are submarines, there are mini-submarines, and then there are human torpedoes. He was commissioned an ensign in 1908, and during a tour of shore duty he took a postgraduate course in electrical engineering in Schenectady, N.Y. His father wanted him to go to West Point, but young Raymond yearned to go to sea. A graduate of the US Naval Academy, Spruance commanded cruisers during the early months of the conflict and first came to prominence for helping lead American forces to victory at the pivotal Battle of Midway in June 1942. President Franklin D. Roosevelt nominated Spruance for promotion to full admiral on February 10, 1944, and he was approved. Moving into position near Midway, Spruance's force was later joined by Rear Admiral Frank J. Fletcher's TF 17 which included the carrier USS Yorktown (CV-5). President Harry S. Truman appointed him ambassador to the Philippines in January 1952, and he served until March 1955. Spruance died in Pebble Beach, California, on December 13, 1969, and was buried with full military honors at Golden Gate National Cemetery near San Francisco. . This gave rise to the description of Spruance as "an Admiral's admiral". All four of Japans aircraft carriers were sunk, devastating Japans ambitions in the Pacific. When not in command of the fleet the admirals, and their staffs, were based at Pearl Harbor and planned future operations. US Naval Task Force under Frank Fletcher with aircraft carrier Yorktown. The other U.S. flattop, Yorktown, escaped with one bomb hit. Admiral Halsey was given command of the Third Fleet, and later that year Task Force 58 was transferred to Halseys fleet. Spruances fleet had prevented the Japanese from reinforcing the Saipan garrison. On June 19, however, hundreds of planes from nine Japanese aircraft carriers attacked the Fifth Fleet. He presided over US Forces in the Pacific during two decisive Allied victories: the Battle of Midway in 1942 and the 1944 Battle of the Philippines Sea. He graduated from the U.S. He was promoted to captain in 1932, and the following year he was assigned as chief of staff and aide to the commander of a destroyer scouting force. In June 1931, Spruance returned to Newport, RI to serve on the staff of the Naval War College. Navy Secretary Frank Knox said of Kwajalein: The Japanese had been there 20 years. No matter what other people tell you, your decision was correct". Landing troops on Saipan on June 15, he defeated Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa at the Battle of the Philippine Sea a few days later. Japanese aircraft carrier squadron under the command of Chuichi Nagumo in command of aircraft carriers Akagi, Kaga, Soryu, and Hiryu. He studied hard, and when he graduated in September 1906, he stood 26th in his class. Aboard the battleship Yamato, Admiral Yamamoto received word that the U.S. fleet was at Midwaynot Pearl Harbor as he had thought. Thus the Americans knew the Japanese planned to move toward Midway. Advertisement Still have questions? These raids were critical to moralesetting a new tone of aggressiveness by U.S. commanders while providing invaluable battle experience for the commanders and sailors of the U.S. The US navy ended up winning the battle and historians consider this a major turning point in the Pacific Theater during World War II. Serving in Manila, Spruance remained abroad until resigning his post in 1955. (. edward dean spruancegarberiel battery charger manual 26th February 2023 / in what's happening in silsbee, tx today / by / in what's happening in silsbee, tx today / by While both Fletcher and Spruance were rear admirals, Fletcher was senior and nominally in overall command. In fact, Spruance had a knack for getting along with difficult people, including his friend Admiral Kelly Turner, the hotheaded commander of 5th Fleet's amphibious force. Admiral Raymond Spruance on the balcony of the U.S. Embassy, Manila, while serving as U.S. The US intelligence services could predict the way the Japanese carriers and planes would be approaching the battle. The sole survivor of the squadrons 30 officers and men was Ensign George H. Gay, Jr., who spent several hours floating in the water, watching the battle. When Nimitz named him commander of the disputed Central Pacific Area, this made him responsible for the planning and execution of the attack on the Gilbert Islands in November 1943. He advanced quickly through the ranks, becoming an admiral in 1944. Since US intelligence had reported the possibility that the Kido Butai would be operating in two separate task forces, that meant that Fletcher only knew the location of half of the carrier force. Spruance was put in command of Task Force 16, which included two carriers: USS Enterprise and USS Hornet, and was instrumental in the decisive US victory in the Battle of Midway. But several hours laternear the end of daylight hoursa U.S. scout plane located Hiry again. Two years later, he aided in the fitting out of USS Pennsylvania (BB-38) then under construction in the yard. The U.S. fleet lost fewer men, but it lost a fleet carrier while the Japanese lost only the light carrier Shoho. I was shanghaied ashore in November of the next year to take over as electrical superintendent at the New York Navy Yard, said Spruance. C. The Roman Catholic Church developed in Constantinople. Naval Academy in 1906 and received further education in electrical engineering a few years later. Then it was back to Pebble Beach. He commanded that vessel during the patrols with the Atlantic Fleet until January 1920, when he assumed command of newly commissioned destroyer USS Percival in San Francisco, California. With their 233 planes and crews at the ready, the three U.S. flattops were stationed well north of Midway, out of sight of enemy reconnaissance planes. By shortly after 9 a.m., planes from Yorktown were also on their way. The Navy honored Spruance by giving his name to a new class of 30 destroyers, the first of which, USS Spruance, was launched in 1973. Lt Tomanaga leads Japanese Torpedo Bombers to attack the remaining carriers. Morisons text refers to Spruance, victor at Midway. Admiral Spruance no.__!t to seek and destroy the Imperial Japanese Navy in a "decisive battle." Rather, Spruance chose to place highest priority on covering and defending the United States (U.S.) amphibious forces that were in the initial phase of the invasion of Salpan. Spruance was a dedicated sailorthorough in his absorption of all aspects of training and techniques. That December he was elevated to rear admiral, and in February 1940 he was placed in command of the 10th Naval District (Caribbean), with his headquarters in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Answer: Admiral Yamamoto had hoped to fight a classic-style sea battle with battleships, but Spruance had proved that the aircraft carrier was now emerging as the capital ship of naval combat forces. His next assignment was command of the destroyer Aaron Ward, and then USS Perceval. As the war progressed, Spruance became one of two primary fleet commanders, the other being Admiral William "Bull" Halsey, employed by Admiral Chester W. Nimitz. Capturing and occupying Midway was the brainchild-plan of commander-in-chief of the Combined Fleet, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto. He never smoked, and drank little. This was said to be the first time that a four-star admiral took part in a sea action aboard one of the ships engaged. After air assaults, two rocky islands, Kiska and Attu, were occupied by Japanese ground forces. I am lazy, and I never have done things myself that I could get someone to do for me. At Midway, Spruances force inflicted on the Imperial Japanese Navy its worst setback in 350 years. In the course of a two-hour interview, he stood or walked about all the timenot restlessly, but slowly and deliberately. The surviving carrier, Hiry, gave the Japanese some brief respite by sending strikes that again damaged Yorktown. In 1964 an Ohio woman took up the challenge that had led to Amelia Earharts disappearance. Bombs destroyed the bridge of Kaga and set her ablaze from stem to stern. Japanese Vice Admiral in command of the Japanese Carrier strike force based on the Aircraft Carrier IJN Akagi. Five days after the Marshalls campaign, Spruance sent the Mitscher force to attack Tinian and Saipan in the Mariana Islands. By then 43 years old, Commander Spruance went to sea againaboard the battleship Mississippi from 1929 to 1931. His steady rise, according to Newsweek magazine, has borne the imprint of his personalityunobtrusive but undeviating. He organized the Japanese counterattack on the American carriers and is credited with the sinking of the USS Yorktown, the only American Carrier sunk at Midway. Adding to the surprise factor was the fact that Admirals Yamamoto and Nagumo did not believe the U.S. Pacific Fleet was at sea. It Didnt End Well. Spruance was an active man who thought nothing of walking eight or 10 miles a day. Admiral Yamamoto had hoped to fight a classic-style sea battle with battleships, but Spruance had proved that the aircraft carrier was now emerging as the capital ship of naval combat forces. For most of the war, Spruance preferred to use the heavy cruiser USSIndianapolis, named for his hometown, as his flagship. Naval Academy, graduating in 1906. Admiral Chester W. Nimitz,, Commander in Chief, Pacific, (right) and, Admiral Raymond Spruance, Commander, Central Pacific Force, (center) Tour Kwajalein Island, Marshalls, February 5,1944, following its capture. He never smoked and drank little. 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how does admiral spruance explain the us victory at midway quizlet