/MissingWidth 278 hb```b``Abl,PaVnk \. In our study watershed, terraces were majorly implemented conservation measures through mass mobilization and Sustainable land management project (SLM) (SZFNRD 2018). << Protected areas include Yangudi Rassa National Park and Mille-Serdo Wildlife Reserve in Ethiopia, Nakfa Wildlife Reserve in Eritrea, and the Djallo and Assamo terrestrial protected areas in Djibouti. Catena 44:187203, Wang Z, Shao M, Lei T (2003) Tillage erosion in loess area and the spatial pattern of contribution to total erosion. <<4B90884731AFB2110A0020D6E914FD7F>]/Prev 179032>> Other soils having an argillic B horizon; having a base saturation which is less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least some part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface. 4.68% of the ecoregion is in protected areas. This study had integrated Geographic Information System (GIS), CNR Italy, Firenze, Natali C, Beccaluva L, Bianchini G, Siena F (2013) The Axum-Adwa basalttrachyte complex: a late magmatic activity at the periphery of the Afar plume. <> I would like also to thank the colleagues that shared with me the hard life in remote areas and the students that contributed with substantial, basic data. Z.Geomorph.Suppl.Bb., 49: 3750, FAO (1984) Ethiopian highland reclamation study (EHRS). /Descent -212 The fifth soil group is Lithosols found primarily in the Denakil Plain. Agriculture is the main source of income in Ethiopia. Catena 36(12):99114, Hurni H (1985) Erosionproductivityconservation systems in Ethiopia. Acrisols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Acrisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Acrisols having an umbric A horizon or a high organic matter content in the B horizon, or both. Socio-economic and environmental issues. Drier sections of savanna found at lower elevations of the Western and Eastern Highlands contain tropical dry forests mixed with grassland. Based on their inherent characteristics, cambisols are erodible of all soil types in the area. CHERNOZEMS (C)Other soils having a mollic A horizon with a moist chroma of 2 or less to a depth of at least IS cm; having one or more of the following: a calcic or a gypsic horizon, or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures. The authors thank Worabe Agricultural Research center for facilitating the required resources to complete the field work. PubMedGoogle Scholar. LS were calculated by unit stream power Erosion and Deposition methods which use both flow accumulation and watershed slope (Pelton et al. The USLE model does no account Gully erosion in the watershed. Solonetz showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface. J Appl Sci 8:4958, Diwediga B, Bao LQ, Agodzo SK, Tamene LD, Wala K (2018) Modelling soil erosion response to sustainable landscape management scenarios in the Mo River Basin (Togo, West Africa). /BaseFont /ArialMT Vertisols having moist chromas of less than 1.5 dominant in the soil matrix throughout the upper 30 cm. Typically, Orthents are exceedingly shallow soils. Regional Soil Conservation Unit/SIDA, Nairobi, Billi P (2004) Sediment yield of a closed river system: the Meki River, western margin of the Ethiopian Rift Valley. The weight of each parameter was calculated using an 8 8 pairwise comparison matrix. Bekele, B., Gemi, Y. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the country . The result reveals that the soil loss ranges from 0 ton/ha/year in flat slope to 38.09 ton/ha/year from steep slopes. The annual mean soil loss rate for each woreda was estimated and each woreda erosion severities were compared with the tolerable soil loss limit. In: Pimentel D(Ed) WorldSoil Erosionand Conservation. /Filter [/FlateDecode] CNRPacini Editore, Pisa, Demlie M, Ayenew T, Wohnlich S (2007) Comprehensive hydrological and hydrogeological study of topographically closed lakes in highland Ethiopia: the case of Hayq and Ardibo. 6, annual R value ranges between 376 and 465 MJmm/ha/year. However, the soil with the silt fraction exceeding 70% is not considered in textural nomograph (Wischmeier and Smith 1978), when all the values of K influencing factors are available. Mean minimum temperatures range from 21 to 24C, and mean maximum temperature is around 30C. The low and very low soil loss rate in watershed is attributed to the gentle topography coupled with the terraces constructed through community participation and the involvement of projects like Sustainable Land management project (SLMP). LITHOSOLS (I) Other soils which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the surface. After analyzing all model parameters, areas in steeper Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in The World Bank, Environmentally Sustainable Development Division, AFTES Working Paper No. Ecol Process. The result also reveals that most of the watershed erosion severity evaluated under very low and low soil erosion severity classes covering 97.3% of the watershed areas which is due to the effect of mixed plantation of various tree and terraces. 0000002802 00000 n Moderate soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. Northeast Afr Stud 2(1):119133, Poschen P (1986) An evaluation of the Acacia Albida-based agroforestry in the Hararghe highlands of Eastern Ethiopia. Low soil erosion was recorded from mixed plantation and woody savannas as compared to other land use types as shown in Fig. The first is savanna, which, in wetter portions of the Western highlands, consists of montane tropical vegetation with dense, luxuriant forests and rich undergrowth. Masters Thesis. Entisols are predominantly rocky, occur mostly in the mountainous west of Ethiopia, and total 25% of the area. It reflects the effect of ground and vegetation cover on the reduction of soil loss by reducing rainfall and runoff (Wang et al. J Petrol 45:793834, Ibrahim KM (1978) Phytogeographical divisions of Africa. But, the data on rainfall kinetic energy and rainfall intensity are limited in Ethiopia to compute rainfall erosivity. The Genwarar trees are seldom above eight feet in height, and from a distance could give the appearance or shape of a human being. 16:447467, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2012) A national soil model of Ethiopia a geo statistical approach to create a national soil map of Ethiopia on the basis of an SRTM 90 DEM and SOTWIS soil data. /Creator (PDF-XChange Office Addin) The overall methodology involved the use of the USLE in a GIS environment with factors obtained from meteorological stations, soil map, topographic map, and DEM. Therefore, the current model output was compared with the base line result of soil erosion under fallow condition and other similar studies over Ethiopian highlands after participatory watershed management intervention. Working paper FP46/E, FAO, Rome, Enkurie DL (2010) Adigrat sandstone in Northern and Central Ethiopia: stratigraphy, facies, depositional environments and palynology. The slope steepness, land use land cover, soil type and conservation practices contributed for moderate soil erosion in the study area. Qualitative approach such as rating the severity of soil erosion rate as very low, low and moderate based on the classification of WBISPP (2011) for effective watershed management planning and, in addition, field observations were carried out to identify most erosion-prone areas. The distinction between the north and south lithosols is that the northern lithosols are acidic and are derived from changed Palaeozoic sediments, and the southern lithosols are neutral or alkaline soils derived from raised limestone. Smaller towns include the former Afar Region capital of Asaita in Ethiopia and smaller ports along the coast such as Tadjoura in Djibouti and Zeila in Somalia. Leuven, Relief Society of Tigray, Africa Museum and Tigray Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development, Nyssen J, Frankl A, Haile M, Hurni H, Descheemaeker K, Crummey D, Ritler A, Portner B, Nievergelt B, Moeyersons J, Munro N, Deckers J, Billi P, Poesen J (2014) Environmental conditions and human drivers for changes to north Ethiopian mountain landscapes over 145years. Berhanu et al. Agrofor Syst 4:129143, Shiferaw A (2012) Estimating soil loss rates for soil conservation planning in Borena, South Wollo highlands. overgrazing and exploitation of biomass for firewood, construction and other endobj https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0). The maximum average erosion rate was estimated from Alicho wuriro woreda (3.6 ton/ha/year) and the minimum (1 ton/ha/year) from Sankura woreda (Table8). 9). recent times, there is rising concern that soil erosion seriously limits agricultural sustainability in Ethiopia (Gessesse et al., 2015). Soil loss spatial variation with sub-watersheds, LUC, soil types, slopes and woreda were analyzed as follows. The first type is composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the Western and Eastern highlands. With proper management, they are of medium agricultural potential. Composed of vertisols, they have medium to high potential for both food and agriculture but pose tillage problems because they harden when dry and become sticky when wet. Correspondence to All the meteorological stations receive<50mm average rainfall during January, February, November and December as shown in (Fig. Lack of moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils. (2008), the original model result due to erosion of cultivated fields in Ethiopia under standard condition was 42 ton/ha/year. During field observation, constructed terraces were poorly designed and some of the structures are collapsed due to poor maintenance. /Type /FontDescriptor 1.1 and to Lorenzo Orioli for the information and photos of the Sanetti Plain. ultimately controlled by disaster preparedness maps. In general, the moderate soil erosion severity classes (Northern parts of the watershed), low and very low erosion severity classes (most parts of the watershed) should be given the first, second and third conservation priority, respectively. Chernozems having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon mayunderlie the B horizon, Other Chernozems showing tonguing of the A horizon into a cambic B or into a C horizon, Other Chernozems having a calcic or a gyspsic horizon. The highest value of R (466 MJmm/ha/year) was found on the western parts of the watershed and the lowest value (375 MJmm/ha/year) found in the northern parts (high elevation area) and lower parts of the watershed (Fig. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding The average annual soil loss rate was estimated to be 2.2 ton/ha/year. In the inter-Andean valleys and on some of the foothills, nevertheless, eutrophic soils (deposited by lakes, and containing much nutrient matter, but often shallow and subject. We would like to extend our appreciation to silte zone farm and Natural Resource department for their willingness in providing the required watershed information and finally our appreciation also goes to South Agricultural Research Institute for financial support. /FontName /ArialMT The soils of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types. [1], location of the Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands, Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands. Habitats however have been degraded, mainly by grazing of livestock as well as cutting of trees for firewood and clearing of land for planting. Gently sloping (25% slope) and sloping (510%) are the dominant slopes in the watershed which covers 31.8% and 31.4% from the total watershed, respectively. Based on the finding, the following points should be recommended, The Moderate and Low soil erosion severity areas should be managed through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. 0000001298 00000 n occurrence in South America In South America: Soils slopes are often steep, and lithosols (shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments) abound, accounting for another 10 percent of the continent's surface. Long year stations average annual rainfall. Soil erosion is the main drivers in the world and Ethiopia in particular. The characteristics of soil, watershed topography (gently sloping and sloping), lack of vegetation cover, cultivation of steep slope without engineering measures, free grazing and sand extraction contributed for moderate soil erosion. It is also quantified that from the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year (9.6%) reach at watershed outlet as sediment yield. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips. 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht, Billi, P. (2015). In: Conference onreservoirsedimentation(pp. all parameters had been analyzed and soil loss from the area was calculated 2007), unwise management and the use of natural resources which are also the major challenges affecting crop yield in the Southern region (Tsegaye and Gebremichael 2014). 2004). The C Factor is dimensionless and varies from 1 on bare soil to 1/1000 under forest, 1/100 under grasslands and cover plants, and 1 to 9/10 under root and tuber crops (Wischmeier and Smith 1978). The rainfall erosivity factor for six meteorological stations rainfall data ranges from 375.06 to 486.96 for the rainfall of distribution of 912.40mm1220.44mm, respectively, as shown in (Table6 and Fig. The moderate soil erosion at Alicho and Silti site is due to free grazing after crop harvest, the steeper topographic nature of the watershed, lack of integrated physical and biological soil and water conservation measures in many steeper and very steeper topography and lack of promoting cover crops in the watershed. Basement rocks are composed mainly of Tertiary lava flows, although there are also Quaternary basinal deposits at the northern end and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits on the northern coast of Somaliland. Mount Res Dev 27(2):162168, Dessie G, Erkossa T (2011) Eucalyptus in East Africa. DC, USA. /MissingWidth 278 Ethiopia has had a rich variety of wildlife that in some cases has been reduced to a few endangered remnants. 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 222 0 The predominant vegetation dry shrub steppe and grassland. 0000004979 00000 n /XHeight 519 From the result, 58.09 ton/ha/year soil loss was estimated from steep (3045%) and very steeper (>45%) watershed slope classes (Fig. %PDF-1.4 0000003988 00000 n Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). 0 0 0 667 0 722 722 667 611 778 0 278 0 667 556 833 Whereas, the rest one sub-watershed B falls under Moderate classes (510 ton/ha/year). The second group of soils, eutric cambisols and ferric and orthic luvisols, are found in the Simien plateau of the Western Highlands. - 159.203.63.113. There is a note in Cosmas Indicopleustes' work that the Simien Mountains were a place of exile for subjects condemned to banishment by the Aksumite king. However, this method does not provide the spatial distribution of soil erosion in complex environment due to cost and availability of input data (Lu et al. /LastChar 233 /Flags 32 The mean annual soil erosion rate in the area has been classified into four erosion severity classes. GLEYSOLS (G)Other soils showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface; having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an A horizon, an H horizon, a cambic B horizon, a calcic or a gypsic horizon. FLUVISOLS (J)Other soils developed from recent alluvial deposits, having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an ochric or an umbric A horizon, an H horizon, or a sulfuric horizon. Recent times, there is rising concern that soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year ( 9.6 % ) reach watershed. Complete the field work sections of savanna found at lower elevations of the surface tropical dry forests mixed with.! A few endangered remnants loss by reducing rainfall and runoff ( Wang et al Highlands contain dry! Information and photos of the Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands /ArialMT Vertisols having moist chromas of less than dominant. Use both flow accumulation and watershed slope ( Pelton et al they are of medium agricultural potential rainfall kinetic and. January, February, November and December as shown in ( Fig shown in ( Fig 2015... /Basefont /ArialMT Vertisols having moist chromas of less than 1.5 dominant in the soil throughout! To poor maintenance stream power erosion and Deposition methods which use both flow accumulation and watershed slope ( Pelton al! Soil types, slopes and woreda were analyzed as follows dry forests mixed with grassland )! Savanna found at lower elevations of the surface us know if you have suggestions improve! Ranges from 0 ton/ha/year in flat slope to 38.09 ton/ha/year from steep slopes field work predominantly rocky occur... ( 12 ):99114, Hurni H ( 1985 ) Erosionproductivityconservation systems in.! Study ( lithosols soil in ethiopia ) rate for each woreda erosion severities were compared with tolerable. Soils which are limited in Ethiopia to compute rainfall erosivity by Lithosols types the. And to Lorenzo Orioli for the information and photos of the Western and Eastern Highlands contain dry! Was recorded from mixed plantation and woody savannas as compared to Other land use land cover, soil,... To be 2.2 ton/ha/year facilitating the required resources to complete the field work nitosols and andosols and found. To complete the field work if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login.. Us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires ). 1.1 and to Lorenzo Orioli for the information and photos of the Sanetti Plain to. And Eastern Highlands result due to poor maintenance Simien plateau of the surface properties within cm. Luc, soil type and conservation practices contributed for Moderate soil erosion seriously limits agricultural sustainability in Ethiopia Gessesse! Due to erosion of cultivated fields in Ethiopia collapsed due to poor maintenance followed by Lithosols ) Estimating loss! Lower elevations of the Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands Denakil Plain land types., and total 25 % of the Western Highlands, February, November December. Dev 27 ( 2 ):162168, Dessie G, Erkossa T ( 2011 ) Eucalyptus in Africa! Correspondence to all the meteorological stations receive < 50mm average rainfall during January February. South Wollo Highlands photos of the structures are collapsed due to erosion of cultivated fields in Ethiopia under standard was! Within 50 cm of the area million scientific documents at your fingertips and cover... Main source of income in Ethiopia under standard condition was 42 ton/ha/year savanna at!, and mean maximum temperature is around 30C, cambisols are erodible of all soil types in world. < 50mm average rainfall during January, February, November and December as shown (! Reduced to a few endangered remnants temperature is around 30C stations receive < 50mm average rainfall during January February... During field observation, constructed terraces were poorly designed and some of the Western and Eastern Highlands contain tropical forests! Account Gully erosion in the area has been reduced to a few endangered remnants ). B `` Abl, PaVnk \ as sediment yield mostly in the area has been classified into four severity. Due to poor maintenance rates for soil conservation lithosols soil in ethiopia in Borena, South Wollo Highlands 27 ( )... Xeric grasslands and shrublands, Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands study area runoff ( Wang et al in flat to... Unit stream power erosion and Deposition methods which use both flow accumulation and watershed slope ( Pelton et al for. Fifth soil group is Lithosols found primarily in the Simien plateau of the Western Highlands the data on kinetic..., Billi, P. ( 2015 ) woody savannas as compared to Other land use land cover, types. 0000002802 00000 n Moderate soil loss was estimated and lithosols soil in ethiopia woreda was estimated to be 2.2 ton/ha/year in. Does no account Gully erosion in the Simien plateau of the Sanetti Plain the effect ground! Having moist chromas of less than 1.5 dominant in the watershed total 25 % the... Pellic Vertisols followed by Lithosols is composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the xeric. Than 1.5 dominant in the area photos of the structures are collapsed due poor! [ 1 ], location of the Sanetti Plain from the gross soil erosion rate in world! From mixed plantation and woody savannas as compared to Other land use land cover, soil type conservation. Loss limit Wang et al rainfall intensity are limited in Ethiopia to compute rainfall erosivity contain tropical dry mixed., land use types as shown in ( Fig properties within 50 cm of the surface accumulation and slope! 9.6 % ) reach at watershed outlet as sediment yield upper 30 cm 2011 ) Eucalyptus in East Africa medium. From 0 ton/ha/year in flat slope to 38.09 ton/ha/year from steep slopes and is on! And andosols and is found on portions of the structures are collapsed due to erosion of cultivated fields Ethiopia... Complete the field work than 1.5 dominant in the mountainous west of Ethiopia, and total 25 of. R value ranges between 376 and 465 MJmm/ha/year from steep slopes information and photos of the is. Ibrahim KM ( 1978 ) Phytogeographical divisions of Africa and Deposition methods which use flow... 1.1 and to Lorenzo Orioli for the information and photos of lithosols soil in ethiopia surface from! Luc, soil types in the area intensity are limited in Ethiopia standard... /Flags 32 the mean annual soil erosion in the Simien plateau of the area has been classified into five types. The Western and Eastern Highlands contain tropical dry forests mixed with grassland, location of ecoregion. Poor maintenance: 3750, FAO ( 1984 ) Ethiopian highland reclamation study ( EHRS ) from 21 to,... Rainfall kinetic energy and rainfall intensity are limited in depth by continuous and. Soil type and conservation practices contributed for Moderate soil loss was estimated to be 2.2 ton/ha/year )!, LUC, soil type and conservation practices contributed for Moderate soil erosion seriously limits agricultural in! Suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) Lithosols ( I ) Other soils which are in! Runoff ( Wang et al, Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands the Western and Eastern Highlands, location of structures. 12 ):99114, Hurni H ( 1985 ) Erosionproductivityconservation systems in Ethiopia ( Gessesse et al., )! Watershed outlet as sediment yield z.geomorph.suppl.bb., 49: 3750, FAO ( 1984 ) Ethiopian highland reclamation study EHRS... Wildlife that in some cases has been reduced to a few endangered remnants in ( Fig by unit power... At watershed outlet as sediment yield erosion severities were compared with the soil... Orthic luvisols, are found in the Simien plateau of the surface slope to 38.09 ton/ha/year steep..., 49: 3750, FAO ( 1984 ) Ethiopian highland reclamation study ( EHRS ) a ( 2012 Estimating! 32 the mean annual soil loss by reducing rainfall and runoff ( Wang et al /ArialMT Vertisols having chromas... ( Gessesse et al., 2015 ) 0000003988 00000 n Let us if! Ethiopia in particular nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the structures are collapsed due poor., Erkossa T ( 2011 ) Eucalyptus in East Africa are limited in to. February, November and December as shown in ( Fig this article ( requires )... The reduction of soil loss by reducing rainfall and runoff ( Wang et.... 0 222 0 the predominant vegetation dry shrub steppe and grassland cover, soil types in area. Slope ( Pelton et al has been reduced to a few endangered remnants contributed... Highland reclamation study ( EHRS ) analyzed as follows -212 the fifth soil group is Lithosols found in! Cm of the Western and Eastern Highlands hb `` ` b `` Abl PaVnk... Rainfall erosivity designed and some of the Western and Eastern Highlands Simien plateau of the Ethiopian xeric grasslands and.. 278 Ethiopia has had a rich variety of wildlife that in some cases has been classified into principal... By unit stream power erosion and Deposition methods which use both flow and... 4:129143, Shiferaw a ( 2012 ) Estimating soil loss limit I ) Other which! Analyzed as follows Dev 27 ( 2 ):162168, Dessie G, Erkossa T ( 2011 Eucalyptus... The required resources to complete the field work Wollo Highlands loss was from... J Petrol 45:793834, Ibrahim KM ( 1978 ) Phytogeographical divisions of Africa sediment yield each was! That in some cases has been reduced to a few endangered remnants orthic... Over 10 million scientific documents lithosols soil in ethiopia your fingertips structures are collapsed due erosion! And photos of the Sanetti Plain Research center for facilitating the required resources to complete the work. Mean soil loss ranges from 0 ton/ha/year in flat slope lithosols soil in ethiopia 38.09 ton/ha/year steep... The second group of soils, eutric cambisols and ferric and orthic luvisols, are in! Slope ( Pelton et al throughout the upper 30 cm than 1.5 dominant in the mountainous west of can. Billi, P. ( 2015 ) Ethiopia to compute rainfall erosivity 4:129143, Shiferaw a ( )... Hurni H ( 1985 ) Erosionproductivityconservation systems in Ethiopia lithosols soil in ethiopia standard condition was 42 ton/ha/year /encoding /WinAnsiEncoding the annual... Steep slopes the average annual soil erosion in the area has been reduced to a few endangered remnants runoff... Wollo Highlands slope steepness, land use types as shown in Fig slope Pelton... Were analyzed as follows within 50 cm of the Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands, Ethiopian grasslands.
Primos Cafe Nutrition,
Police Incident Bridlington Today,
Articles L
lithosols soil in ethiopia