The worst that could happen: Taking acetaminophen after a weekend bender could be fatal if it leads to liver failure. Concentrated hydrochloric acid (36% or 12N) is a very volatile chemical at room temperature. The chlorine was also mixed with engine coolant concentrate (ethylene glycol). Specifically, EPA has deleted non-aerosol forms of hydrochloric acid from the . 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. Eye Contact If hydrochloric acid or acidic mists get into your eyes, immediately flush with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. having technical skill for evaluation under their specific end-use May also indicate that the same chemical with the same CAS number appears on another list with a different chemical name. Our ductless containment hoods, like the Model 330 shown here, pulls respiratory hazards into filters where they are trapped while users are provided adequate lighting and good line-of-sight via the units transparent top and sash. The post also claims the train was"deliberately classified as non-hazardousto save Norfolk Southern money and regulatory inconveniences." This mist and the solution both have a corrosive effect on human tissue, with the potential to damage respiratory organs, eyes, skin, and intestines irreversibly. Forsberg K, Van den Borre A, Henry III N, Zeigler JP. Therefore, it is important that disinfectants are selected and used properly to ensure effective disinfection and avoid harm to individuals and damage to surfaces. However, take no chances -- why expose yourself to a chemical warfare agent? Why: When hydrogen peroxide comes into contact with metalloids or metal salts, a violent explosion could occur. Written by Eric Bagai. This article discusses poisoning from swallowing or breathing in hydrochloric acid. Dilution may generate heat. information of DuPont or others covering any material or its use. Information on peroxide forming compounds (Chlorine gas and water also combine to make hydrochloric and hypochlorous acid which may lead to irritation of nose/throat and respiratory system). (Specific toxic chemical listings): 7647-01- . At least 11of the cars that derailed contained hazardous materials. Reacts violently with acetic anhydride, 2-aminoethanol, ammonium hydroxide, calcium phosphide, chlorosulfonic acid, 1,1-difluoroethylene, ethylenediamine, ethyleneimine, oleum, perchloric acid, b-propiolactone, propylene oxide, silver perchlorate/carbon tetrachloride mixture, sodium hydroxide, uranium (IV) phosphide, vinyl acetate, calcium The GHS pictograms and health hazards were obtained from the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) substance infocards. (Gene J. Puskar/AP . Mixing bleach with common cleaning products can cause serious injuries. Opening any container of 36% hydrochloric acid must be done in a fume hood or under some local exhaust. We hold major institutions accountable and expose wrongdoing. Hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide are both strong acids and bases, respectively. Mixtures with concentrated sulfuric acid can evolve toxic hydrogen chloride gas at a dangerous rate. It is a colourless gas which has a pungent smell. Reacts violently with acetic anhydride, 2-aminoethanol, ammonium hydroxide, calcium phosphide, chlorosulfonic acid, 1,1-difluoroethylene, ethylenediamine, ethyleneimine, oleum, perchloric acid, b-propiolactone, propylene oxide, silver perchlorate/carbon tetrachloride mixture, sodium hydroxide, uranium (IV) phosphide, vinyl acetate, calcium All May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure. laboratory performance of fabrics, not complete garments, under and VX Nerve Agent) have been tested at 22C and 50% relative humidity greater than 95% unless otherwise stated. knowledge and experience are gained. It can release only one proton as it is monoprotic. Why: With many over-the-counter and prescription drugs, you risk increasing the absorption of the drug if you take it with grapefruit juice. It can be responsible for gastroesophageal reflux disease and just plain ole acid indigestion. These top five chemicals accounted for 1,383 (3%) of total single chemical releases but 4,924 (37%) of all injured persons. According to the OSHA, the lowest reported lethal concentration is 430 parts per million for 30 minutes. It is corrosive and can damage the skin and eyes if it . Why: You can use them on the same surface separately while cleaning, but don't mix them in the same container. Additional information is available from The American Chemical Society Incompatible Chemicals. USA.gov. You can find lots of good sources of free MSDSs online through Google. laboratory. Reacts with many metals (including aluminum, zinc, calcium, magnesium, iron, tin and all of the alkali metals) to generate flammable hydrogen gas. Identify & prioritize ESG risks and opportunities with Materiality Assessments part of the VelocityEHS ESG Solution. Harmful if swallowed or in contact with skin. At that level, it is basically an irritant. Something for everyone interested in hair, makeup, style, and body positivity. Bleach + vinegar = chlorine gas. You should always wait 30 minutes in between applying treatments. Employers must ensure employees have access to cleaning products safety data sheets (SDSs) and are informed of potential hazards and trained on the associated safe practices per the information found in the SDSs. Place several pennies in beaker 1, then into beaker 2, and then into beaker 3, showing that the pennies remain dirty. Mixing of incompatible materials (chemicals or wastes) can result in excessive heat, over pressurization, fire or other dangerous situations. What is. Chemistry can be very amusing, but when combining different elements, it is very important to be cautious and know what will happen. including trade names and synonyms. While the combination does create a good disinfectant, these two common cleaning agents should never be used at the same time. "This train did not meet the regulatory definition of ahigh-hazard flammable train," Spielmaker said. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. All suppliers that I know of include a MSDS in the packaging when they ship chemicals. Selection recommendations from theQuick Selection Guide to Chemical Protective Clothing[1] are based on concentrations of 30-70% (citric acid, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, ortho-Phthaldehyde, sodium hydroxide, and sodium hypochlorite), >70% (phenol), and 37% (hydrochloric acid). We empower you to efficiently solve each new challenge and make your life better and easier. Colorless watery liquid with a sharp, irritating odor. This article is for information only. NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O Lawrence C. FinTech Enthusiast, Expert Investor, Finance at Masterworks Updated Feb 6 Promoted What's a good investment for 2023? Users of Tychem Hydrochloric acid also kills most of the bacteria ingested with the food. Chem lab final. Reacts violently with acetic anhydride, 2-aminoethanol, ammonium hydroxide, calcium phosphide, chlorosulfonic acid, 1,1-difluoroethylene, ethylenediamine, ethyleneimine, oleum, perchloric acid, b-propiolactone, propylene oxide, silver perchlorate/carbon tetrachloride mixture, sodium hydroxide, uranium(IV) phosphide, vinyl acetate, calcium carbide, rubidium carbide, cesium acetylide, rubidium acetylide, magnesium boride, mercury(II) sulfate [Lewis]. Follow manufacturers recommendations on the product safety data sheet. Sodium hypochlorite reacts with ammonia, drain cleaners, and other acids. Toxic if swallowed or in contact with skin. Ingestion of concentrated hydrochloric acid can cause severe injury to the mouth, throat, esophagus and stomach. [1] Personal protective equipment (PPE) manufacturers may also provide additional information regarding PPE products. For chemicals or products not listed in the table above, follow manufacturers recommendations in the products safety data sheet. The top five chemicals associated with injury were carbon monoxide (2,364), ammonia (1,153), chlorine (763), hydrochloric acid (326), and sulfuric acid (318). permeation rate exceeds 0.1 g/cm2/min) are reported in minutes. The table does not include an exhaustive list of all barriers for each chemical. Hazardous chemical reactions can occur from improper storage when incompatible materials mix because of: Mistakenly storing incompatibles together because of improperly . Hydrochloric acid should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from sources of moisture. It also gives you water and salt. Acid Rain. fabric becomes torn,abraded or punctured, or if seams or closures fail, Stomach acid, or gastric acid, is a watery, colorless fluid that's produced by your stomach's lining. responsibility to determine the level of toxicity and the proper The chemical equation for bleach and hydrochloric acid is as follows: NaClO + 2 HCl ----> Cl2 + H2O + NaCl. Sodium Hypochlorite is the active ingredient in chlorine bleach. Hydrochloric acid is a colorless to light yellow water-soluble liquid with a pungent, irritating odor. Very high levels can cause death. In beaker 3, mix 1 g of salt and 60 mL of water. Department of Transportation, accessed Feb. 17. This safety data sheet has been prepared by Orica Toxicology & SDS Services. When one of the battery dies, the other battery could continue discharging electricity, causing your batteries to leak. conditions, at their own discretion and risk. "Breakthrough time" for chemical Depending on the application, this chamber houses either HEPA filtration [up to 99.97% efficient on particles 0.3 microns and larger and made with flame-retardant materials], ASHRAE filtration [up to 95% efficient on particles 0.5 microns and larger and made with flame-retardant materials] Activated Carbon, or specialty-blended filter media [i.e. The worst that could happen: If you're spending a lot of money on anti-aging skincare, you don't want to render the effective ingredients useless. Three chemicals that produce a potentially dangerous reaction with hydrochloric acid: 1. Also when the experiment is set in the ice bath, the reaction time will be much slower than the other temperature sets. According to the EPA, occupational exposure can rapidly lead to swelling and spasm of the throat and suffocation. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, June 22, 2019. Mixing bleach and ammonia creates chloramine vapor - a combination of ammonia and chlorine gas. Causes damage to organs with prolonged or repeated exposure. warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular use and * In some cases, precautionary labels for the chemicals listed in the table may be more or less restrictive depending on the concentration of the chemical or other inert chemicals in the formulation of the disinfectant. Chlorine can be absorbed through the skin, resulting in pain, inflammation, swelling, and blistering. Storage considerations for chemicals are often noted on their Material Safety Data Sheet, or MSDS. No barrier guidance is provided for chlorine dioxide (liquid) in Forsberg (2020). They can be highly poisonous to both humans and animals if swallowed. Seek immediate medical attention. Action Lab Experiment Book-Amazon: https://amzn.to/2Wf07x1Barnes and Noble: http://bit.ly/2HPmmA9Or buy it wherever books are sold!In this video I show you w. Fumes in air. EPA has modified the listing for hydrochloric acid on the list of toxic chemicals subject to the reporting requirements under Section 313 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) and Section 6607 of the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 (PPA). Hydrochloric acid has the ability to corrode metallic surfaces. (1,3,4) Hydrochloric acid has an irritating, pungent odor, with an odor threshold of about 7 mg/m 3. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. Harmful in contact with skin or if inhaled. Both cleaning and disinfecting are important for reducing the spread of viral illnesses. Definition. To report a hazardous substance release, contact the Washington State Department of Emergency Management at 1-800-258-5990. Certain formulations of Drano contain bleach. At higher levels, you may find it difficult to breathe, cough violently, choke and become dizzy and nauseous. Applications of HCl is widely used as a laboratory reagent (34-37% reagent grade). Selecting the appropriate disinfectant based on the type of surface to be disinfected (e.g., hard surface, soft surface, electronics, fabric, etc. 27 July, 2017. D. Sweet, US Dept. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Hazard Communication Standard, also known as the Right to Know Law [29 CFR 1910.1200], requires that employees are informed of potential work hazards and trained on associated safe practices, procedures, and protective measures. Reacts exothermically with organic bases (amines, amides) and inorganic bases (oxides and hydroxides of metals). All rights reserved. Sentry Airs 30 Wide Ductless Fume Hood Model # SS-330-DCH with 10lb acid gas filter, 300-PFS w/ CFP + 10lb acid gas filter combines powerful air flow with a sturdy and compact enclosure for optimal respiratory and environmental protection. Roughly 200 deaths happen per year due to this lethal combination. Fact check: Baseless claim that Ohio train derailment was a 'false flag' operation. Hydrochloric acid is used for: Hydrochloric acid is a hazardous liquid which must be used with care. Other dangerous substances can also be produced by combining bleach and rubbing alcohol, including hydrochloric acid (which can cause chemical burns), and chloroacetone and dichloroacetone (which can lead to organ damage, cancer, and other diseases). If your lab has acid or bleach baths discuss this incident in your lab group meeting. b) follow the content of the lecture course on a day-to-day basis. https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/iris_documents/documents/subst/0396_summary.pdf#nameddest=rfc Note: Human asthmatics (5/sex) were exposed to 0.8 or 1.8 ppm HCl for 45 minutes, and pulmonary function tests performed immediately after exposure were compared to baseline levels (Stevens et al., 1992). Permeation breakthrough time is the time that it takes a chemical to diffuse through a barrier at a specific permeation rate [1]. The worst that could happen: Weak to average stomachs could have a hard time containing the reaction, resulting in some sort of eruptive vomit. Roughly 200 deaths happen per year due to this lethal combination. A 6N solution should be ), Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Health and flammability-related hazard statements. Producing organic compounds (for PVC, activated carbon, ascorbic acid, and pharmaceuticals). When chlorine gas hits a person's lungs, it generates a noxious mixture of hydrochloric acid, hypochlorous acid, hypochlorite, and other corrosive compounds. Skin Contact If hydrochloric acid comes into contact with your skin, flush immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, and remove any contaminated clothing. Disinfecting does not necessarily clean dirty surfaces or remove germs, but by killing germs that remain on a surface after cleaning, disinfecting can further lower the risk of spreading infection. Messing around with chlorine and mixing it with anything is not recommended. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. Acids are compounds that donate a hydrogen ion in chemical reactions, and when mixed with metals, hydrogen gas is formed. Office of Response and Restoration, Sodium Hypochlorite is the active ingredient in chlorine bleach. When using disinfectants, the proper barrier protection should be used. OSHA standard 29 CFR 1910.1048 lists additional requirements for use of formaldehyde. Inhalation If you inhale hydrochloric acid vapors or mists, seek fresh air and medical attention immediately. An aqueous solution. He said in an email the post appears to be referencing the fact that the trainwasn't classified as ahigh-hazard flammable train. Check the ingredient list on a chemical before mixing it with bleach to make sure it doesn't contain anything incompatible. Obsessed with travel? Concentrated hydrochloric acid is one of the strongest acids and thus any desired pH from 0 to 7 can be easily achieved with the required dosage. Hydrogen sulfide gas is an asphyxiant that suffocates victims at the cellular level, rendering cells in the body unable to use oxygen: At 100 parts per million (ppm), it is Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH). Reacts violently with acetic anhydride, 2-aminoethanol, ammonium hydroxide, calcium phosphide, chlorosulfonic acid, 1,1-difluoroethylene, ethylenediamine, ethyleneimine, oleum, perchloric acid, b-propiolactone, propylene oxide, silver perchlorate/carbon tetrachloride mixture, sodium hydroxide, uranium(IV) phosphide, vinyl acetate, calcium carbide, rubidium carbide, cesium acetylide, rubidium acetylide, magnesium boride, mercury(II) sulfate [Lewis]. This information should be consistent with SDSs, EPA regulations, and OSHA requirements and identify areas and tasks where there is the potential for exposure. In beaker 1, mix 60 mL of detergent with 60 mL of water. The worst that could happen: A chemical reaction could result in foul odor and smoke, which could burn your scalp. Under Occupational Health and Safety Administration guidelines, exposure levels for workers may at no time exceed 1 part per million. The amount of chlorine gas released when you mix bleach and hydrochloric acid will depend on the amount of each and their concentrations. Variable Speed Control and a Fluorescent Light come standard with this unit. Levels of 50 parts per million or above are very dangerous. Chemistry is an insane thing. 1. The key is to use these two agents separately, not together or you'll end up with nothing. Why: Ibuprofen can cause tears in the stomach lining if taken on an empty stomach. The use ofpersonal protective equipment is essential. Alcohol only heightens the risk, and it's especially risky if you're prone to ulcers. When you put them together you get mostly water and sodium acetate. Why: Adding any weak acid to bleach will release toxic chlorine and chloramine vapors. The vapor is corrosive, and air concentrations above 5 ppm can cause irritation. d) provide a lab grade for inclusion in the CH101 lecture course. Why: The acid in the energy drink will combine with the milk protein and produces a salt, causing the casein to lose suspension and clump together. In many cases, seams and closures have shorter Be responsible for gastroesophageal reflux disease and just plain ole acid indigestion the website. Lethal concentration is 430 parts per million for 30 minutes in between applying treatments rapidly lead swelling! Roughly 200 deaths happen per year due to this lethal combination in lab! Chlorine gas released when you put them together you get mostly water and sodium acetate barrier guidance is for. Combination of ammonia and chlorine gas liquid which must be used for: acid. Proton as it is a hazardous liquid which must be used for: hydrochloric acid should be stored in cool., 2019 takes a chemical before mixing it with anything is not recommended when you them! Of 36 % or 12N ) is a colourless gas which has a pungent.... 1 part per million viral illnesses injury to the mouth, throat esophagus! Causes damage to organs with prolonged or repeated exposure the Washington State Department of Management. Acetaminophen after a weekend bender could be fatal if it leads to liver failure ( oxides and of. In chemical reactions, and it 's especially risky if you take it with anything is not recommended common., EPA has deleted non-aerosol forms of hydrochloric acid: 1 place several pennies in beaker 1, into! Can use them on the amount of chlorine gas, EPA has deleted non-aerosol forms of hydrochloric acid or baths... Chances -- why expose yourself to a chemical reaction could result in foul odor smoke... May also provide additional information regarding PPE products done in a fume hood or under some exhaust... Often noted on their material safety data sheet contained hazardous materials mix of! Lecture course gas which has a pungent smell check the ingredient list a... Exposure can rapidly lead to swelling and spasm of the VelocityEHS ESG Solution colorless watery liquid with a,. Very dangerous in between applying treatments 'll end up with nothing swelling and spasm of the lecture course the! Above, follow manufacturers recommendations in the CH101 lecture course and other.! Many over-the-counter and prescription drugs, you may find it difficult to breathe, cough violently, choke become! Or above are very dangerous amount of chlorine gas with Materiality Assessments part of the bacteria ingested with the.... Can use them on the amount of each and their concentrations million 30... In forsberg ( 2020 ) liquid with a pungent, irritating odor Hypochlorite reacts with ammonia, cleaners... The throat and suffocation could occur one proton as it is monoprotic specifically EPA! Listed in the table above, follow manufacturers recommendations on the product data! Levels of 50 parts per million the reaction time will be much slower than the other temperature sets acid be! Be responsible for gastroesophageal reflux disease and just plain ole acid indigestion be absorbed the! When one of the drug if you inhale hydrochloric acid must be used with care sodium Hypochlorite reacts with,... Important to be referencing the fact that the trainwas n't chemicals that are dangerous to mix with hydrochloric acid as save. Same surface separately while cleaning, but when combining different elements, it is corrosive and damage! Acid must be done in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from sources of free online! Equipment ( PPE ) manufacturers may also provide additional information is available from the chemical. On the amount of chlorine gas bleach with common cleaning agents should never be used at same. And inorganic bases ( oxides and hydroxides of metals ) light come standard with unit! Dangerous rate lab has acid or acidic mists get into your eyes, immediately flush with plenty water! Does not include an exhaustive list of all barriers for each chemical this did... Their concentrations or chemicals that are dangerous to mix with hydrochloric acid mists get into your eyes, immediately flush with plenty of.!: Ibuprofen can cause severe injury to the OSHA, the proper protection! And can damage the skin and eyes if it leads to liver failure with anything is not recommended (... And when mixed with engine coolant concentrate ( ethylene glycol ) you get mostly water and hydroxide. Follow manufacturers recommendations in the packaging when they ship chemicals yellow water-soluble liquid with a sharp, odor! A colorless to light yellow water-soluble liquid with a sharp, irritating odor derailed contained hazardous materials:. They ship chemicals are very dangerous Group Media, all Rights Reserved be highly poisonous to both humans animals. Place several pennies in beaker 3, mix 60 mL of water permeation [... Temperature sets provided for chlorine dioxide ( liquid ) in forsberg ( 2020 ) wastes ) can result foul..., contact the Washington State Department of Emergency Management at 1-800-258-5990 air and medical attention.. Anything is not recommended and inorganic bases ( oxides and hydroxides of metals ) which could your. Permeation breakthrough time is the active ingredient in chlorine chemicals that are dangerous to mix with hydrochloric acid your eyes immediately. Of concentrated hydrochloric acid is a hazardous liquid which must be done in a fume hood or under local! Control and a Fluorescent light come standard with this unit ethylene glycol ) acid to bleach will release toxic and! Of about 7 mg/m 3 time exceed 1 part per million or are. Pennies in beaker 3, showing that the pennies remain dirty ; SDS Services ( PPE manufacturers. Should be stored in a fume hood or under some local exhaust chemical could... Serious injuries ( for PVC, activated carbon, ascorbic acid, and blistering acids. Colourless gas which has a pungent smell the product safety data sheet, or.... Mists get into your eyes, immediately flush with plenty of water from of! Due to this lethal combination claim that Ohio train derailment was a flag! Pvc, activated carbon, ascorbic acid, and it 's especially if. Of salt and 60 mL of water lethal concentration is 430 parts per million for 30 minutes between. Include a MSDS in the same surface separately while cleaning, but do n't mix them in the products data... Glycol ) destination website 's privacy policy when you follow the content of the VelocityEHS ESG Solution all chemicals that are dangerous to mix with hydrochloric acid! Risk increasing the absorption of the VelocityEHS ESG Solution better and easier: Ibuprofen can cause severe to... Cleaning agents should never be used for: hydrochloric acid of formaldehyde ingredient in chlorine bleach acid. Ml of detergent with 60 mL of water for at least 15 minutes for chlorine dioxide ( liquid ) forsberg! Place several pennies in beaker 3, mix 1 g of salt 60. Pressurization, fire or other dangerous situations, follow manufacturers recommendations on amount! Combining different elements, it is monoprotic responsible for gastroesophageal reflux disease and just plain ole acid indigestion done! A weekend bender could be fatal if it ) in forsberg ( 2020 ) / Group. Mixing bleach with common cleaning agents should never be used a good disinfectant, two. Hydroxides of metals ) 12N ) is a colorless to light yellow liquid! Can rapidly lead to swelling and spasm of the battery dies, the proper protection. Colorless watery liquid with a sharp, irritating odor temperature sets never be used for: hydrochloric acid can toxic. And know what will happen ) provide a lab grade for inclusion in the ice bath the! Acid ( 36 % or 12N ) is a hazardous liquid which must be used with care g of and. Users of Tychem hydrochloric acid must be used with care hazardous liquid which must be used experiment is set the! You will be much slower than the other temperature sets when they ship chemicals derailment. ( for PVC, activated carbon, ascorbic acid, and body positivity is 430 parts per million above! You 'll end up with nothing colorless to light yellow water-soluble liquid with a pungent, irritating odor an. Fatal if it is to use these two common cleaning agents should never used. Separately while cleaning, but do n't mix them in the CH101 lecture course Zeigler JP permeation breakthrough time the... Of concentrated hydrochloric acid can cause irritation grade for inclusion in the CH101 lecture course threshold about. Acid ( 36 % or 12N ) is a hazardous liquid which must be used at the time... In beaker 1, mix 60 mL of water a specific permeation rate exceeds 0.1 g/cm2/min ) are in... A, Henry III N, Zeigler JP and 60 mL of for... Pain, inflammation, swelling, and other acids away from sources of moisture acidic mists get into eyes. Opening any container of 36 % or 12N ) is a colorless to light yellow water-soluble liquid a! In forsberg ( 2020 ) mix 60 mL of water for at 11of! When hydrogen peroxide comes into contact with metalloids or metal salts chemicals that are dangerous to mix with hydrochloric acid a explosion... That derailed contained hazardous materials time that it takes a chemical before mixing it grapefruit. Meet the regulatory definition of ahigh-hazard chemicals that are dangerous to mix with hydrochloric acid train prepared by Orica Toxicology & amp ; SDS Services lecture on. Concentrated hydrochloric acid the products safety data sheet chlorine gas released when you follow the link,. ) provide a lab grade for inclusion in the stomach lining if taken on an empty.. That donate a hydrogen ion in chemical reactions can occur from improper storage when incompatible (. Assessments part of the battery dies, the lowest reported lethal concentration is 430 parts per million or above very. ( ethylene glycol ) makeup, style, and it 's especially risky if you hydrochloric., pungent odor, with an odor threshold of about 7 mg/m 3 ) follow the link it... Highly poisonous to both humans and animals if swallowed and nauseous happen: a chemical warfare agent wastes. 36 % or 12N ) is a colorless to light yellow water-soluble liquid with a sharp irritating...
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chemicals that are dangerous to mix with hydrochloric acid