Each person must secretly decide on the cue that best describes their feeling towards their groups topic. Next time you use this technique, what would you do the same and what would you do differently? They showed that they understood how their patients were feeling to relate at an interpersonal level; where they didnt know, they at least made a stab at empathizing through educated guesses. We hope you enjoyed reading this article. Facilitators add others active listening components not covered by group. With respect to the Replying role, what was it like to have someone ask you Why three times? Silence: The Secret Communication Tool. It is not a method for creating opportunities to talk about themselves. The mime reads the card, then attempts to act out whats on it (youll first need to decide on a theme, like weather, activities, or what have you). In this study, giving a diagnosis and treatment options was only one part of the job. a family member, a friend, or a work colleague). Youre going to attempt to genuinely understand how and why they came to settle upon their ideological convictions, and how those convictions influence their daily life and core beliefs. Participant 2 has 5 minutes to ask questions about that picture so that they can draw it as accurately as possible. The key to adequately understanding our discussion partners total message (the literal content and their underlying feelings) is to ask targeted Active Listening questions about both the content and the non-verbal cues that were observing. After that 5 minutes is finished, use the remaining time to have a follow-up discussion. In several sentences, the scenario outlines a situation where they are approached by a colleague with problems but might have other things on their plate. Tell them their shared aim is to collaborate: first to find the rope, then to lay it out into a perfect square together on the floor. Did you actually need to plan your response? In a non-active listening situation, there may be quick back and forth, many rapid questions, or people may talk over one another. Just focused attention on the speaker so that we can absorb what they are saying. The games and exercises in this section are about connecting on a human level so that we can communicate with more emotional intelligence in the workplace. Avoid filler words. Then the back to the Active Listening Skills. Did others help them? The participants are divided into groups of 5. It reduces the possibility of us misunderstanding them. To really grasp how big of an impact it has, we can touch on some of the theory. Were there different interpretations for the same cue? And if you want to improve your listening skills even more, explore The GLS Project website. Resources such as diagrams, conversation starter lists, and lists of discussion topics. For example, one team member might describe a past success of the group or team, where their collective strengths helped them succeed. And here, we have only one link rather than an entire chain of people. Developing Cognitive Empathy with Your Discussion Partner. Active listening involves giving the other person time to explore their thoughts and feelings, they should be given adequate time for that. By the time it reaches Hassan, who is Person 5, for instance, it might be A grey elephant with tattered ears.. If you could call up anyone in the world and have a one hour conversation, who would you call? zDevelop the character. A process guide for training workshops focused on working in groups, communication, conflict resolution, community organising and conversation frameworks. If you hate pop-up ads, for instance, youve already got great material for your rant. | Powered by WordPress. Directions: After writing a paragraph introducing the scenario, observe the interaction and reflect on your active listening skills in the space provided. Bakker, A. Listen With Empathy, Non-Verbal Cues Help Avoid Misunderstandings. What is the strangest dream you have ever had? If we want to communicate empathetically and build relationships with co-workersimportant social resourcespersonal storytelling is one way we can build our teams while developing communication skills. Then, you will visualise yourself using a particular strategy for harnessing those emotions - visualisation helps to convert the strategy into a habitual response. Participants collaborate in between turns to improve their reproduction of the drawings - collaboration is vital for excelling in this game. By empathizing, we not only build better relationships, but we show that we are available as key job resources social support for those around us to reduce the negative impacts of our job demands (Bakker & Demerouti, 2007). The facilitator starts out by handing one of the items to the person on their right, saying Ellen, this is a tattered elephant with pink ears.. When a person expresses a view that seems unusual to you, ask Why? three times tactfully and genuinely. How did you cope with the distraction? With 2+ co-workers, pick one person (a speaker) to whom youll explain the instructions. A Talker Scenario will describe something like a bad day at work, or a problem with a client. The other participants try to guess that emotion and this should lead to a talk about the role of expressions. What is the most difficult part of being a [, What does that look like? or What might that look like in practice?, "How did you come to that opinion/conclusion?". They outline how they could improve their dialogue with regard to active listening, then swap roles. or, "What's the progress since our last catch-up?". It enables us to determine which information is important to share with them, and how best to frame that information so that they understand where were coming from. Emotional intelligence is firstly being aware of our own emotions and those of the speaker. Inspired by the kids game Telephone, this exercise draws on different elements of effective communication between team members, while highlighting where things often go wrong. You will need about ten meters of rope and a safe place for employees to walk around blindfolded in. We hate it with a passion!View our Privacy Policy & Terms of Use. Doctors also described effective communication as being able to summarize what the patient/other had related to correct information and display understanding. The idea is for the partners to communicate clearly in order to help each other accurately redraw the picture, without showing it or cheating in some other way. Some of the skills identified by the authors, as we can see, describe more than one capability. Instead of drawing pictures, you could give Participant 1 an object created using Lego building blocks that Participant 2 must build. CCSG is a structure, and it involves: C: Characters Try out activities that are best suited to your organizational goals so they have the most relevance. This listening skills game concludes with a group discussion on the difficulties of communicating with others, on Active Listening strategies that they could use to overcome those difficulties, and on how to use those strategies in real-life work situations. Then, they talk about the experience, using several of the following example questions: Defensiveness is a root cause of miscommunication and even conflict in the workplace. When talking, people convey vital information through non-verbal behaviour and gestures. If youre a cross-functional team, why not try out an activity that challenges assumptions? While they talk, the listener pays close attention to the explicit and underlying details, using only non-verbal cues to show that they are listening. It is a skill that can be acquired and developed with practice. How about a chance to blow off some steam and get that empathetic listening ear at the same time? Possible imagined response: Interesting! And in future discussions, this understanding will help you to be conscious of your emotional state so that you can harness it rather than reacting blindly. Active listening activities are ideas that will promote the ability to pay attention to both verbal and nonverbal communication cues. Enter your email to receive easy, listening techniques & strategies, Active Listening games & exercises, think pieces on being a better listener, and GLS blog post notifications. A time when I dealt with a difficult conflict well. With respect to the Asking role, what was it like to ask someone Why three times? Follow-up question: Did anyone repeat back parts of their partners description to confirm their understanding? This can show what happens when we dont. 2023 Andrew Ward of The GLS Project -Designed by Thrive Themes The job demands-resources model: State of the art. Unless its either terrible or completely absent. Role-play. How effective was this technique? Dont forget to download our three Positive Communication Exercises (PDF) for free. Who is your longest friend? Tell me more., Emotion - Knot in your stomach. With nobody in particular starting first, they are asked to count from one to ten as a group, but each member can only say one number. (20-30min). In terms of uniqueness, the only rule is that Participants 1 and 2 in each pair must not receive the same picture. This Active Listening activity is modified from an extremely effective and useful Active Listening technique shared by Nick Read of Training For Change during a corporate management short course, "Managing People Enhancing Your Interpersonal Communications", via The University of Auckland, August 2006, www.training4change.co.nz. Each time you ask the question, dont bluntly ask Why? Soften and modify it in response to what the other person is telling you. For more information about how to listen actively, see The GLS Project article, Active Listening How To 5 Easy Steps to Your Best Conversation Yet, For more information on cognitive empathy, including how it differs from emotional empathy, see The GLS Project article Want to Avoid Poor Discussions? At the end of 5 minutes, give Participants 1 and 2 two minutes to compare Participant 2s drawing with the original picture. It helps us to understand how they have formed their perspective on the topic, even though we may disagree with that point of view. When your thinking is clouded by an emotion, you must first de-escalate yourself before you can harness that emotion. While speaking, what could you do to decrease the chance of miscommunication in real-life dialogue? They can ask any questions they like, and Participant 1 is to describe the picture as prompted by those questions. It enables us to navigate to a place of common understanding (and hopefully agreement if decisions are required). Discuss what happened to your internal dialogue. Edmondson, A. C., Kramer, R. M., & Cook, K. S. (2004). Red Light, Green Light; Simon Says; Musical Chairs; 4. These 17 Active Listening Exercises have been culled from communication and training experts around the world. The participant asking the conversation starter and the 3 Why questions must not shift the focus of the discussion onto themselves. Foster Self-awareness. This can be a fun roleplay to really ham it up (make it exaggerated and humourous). Rogers, C. R., & Farson, R. E. (1957). Card Pieces. Follow-up question: Would anyone else like to share an experience of misinterpreting a non-verbal cue? The objective of this Active Listening activity is to help group participants practise using The 3 Whys Active Listening technique. Start with groups (or sub-groups) of between four and ten players; in each of these, someone will need to volunteer as a facilitator. They are responsible for passing the information on to the rest of their team. The objectives of this Active Listening game are to: We need to actively listen with both our ears and our eyes. Rogers, C., Farson, R. E., "Active Listening", Gordon Training Inc., www.gordontraining.com/free-workplace-articles/active-listening/, Extract from 1957 article. In this exercise facilitators demonstrate good and bad listening techniques, and participants are able to experience and discuss the elements of successful communication. Benefits: Our messages need to make sense if we want to convey information in a meaningful way. Role Play Activities and Tips for Trainers WorkSMART: Tips for a happier, more engaged workplace Call Us: 800-299-3770Fax: 508-651-2674 Home Recent Posts Shop About Get in Touch We want Learning and Work to be Innovative, So, a 6-person group will make a 6-frame strip, and so forth. After 5 minutes, every pair is to compare the drawing with their original and briefly discuss what did and didnt work. What were some of the differences? The group then needs to play the game with only the instructions from the speaker. What value do questioning skills have when were trying to understand others? Deadlines, role boundaries, budgets, and the why, how, what of tasks. How did they cope? Exercise 1: Questions and Answers This call listening activity involves simply asking a group of advisors to write down the answers to two questions. Why did it capture you? Walk me around that island. Drawing on empirical literature on communication skills in the workplace, we can look at Maguire and Pitcheathlys (2002) study of doctors for a good example. Provide pairs of students with copies of Active listening scenarios (Activity Sheet B). The purpose of this Active Listening skills game is to practice the skill of asking questions to seek initial information about the picture, listening to the answers, clarifying their understanding, and seeking further information. The objectives of this Active Listening exercise are to help you: It is torturously tempting to do the talking, or to let our minds drift off somewhere far away. What could we do to better understand non-verbal cues that we observe? This activity can be adapted for personal listening development by intentionally using 'The 3 Whys' in your real-life discussions and then briefly reflecting on each discussion in private using the 'Follow-Up' questions below as reflection prompts. Explain first up that the goal of the task is effective verbal communication, and give each participant a blindfold. Facilitators move around and observe participants skills. The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Active and empathetic listening is a vital skill in forming and maintaining relationships within therapy and counseling. It might unearth an awareness of implicit assumptions, bringing our conscious attention to the role these play in our judgments. This is a companion resource meant for use after completing the Listen Up! The objectives of this Active Listening activity are to: Cognitive empathy is our goal as Active Listeners. Over five to ten minutes, the speaker describes a geometric image from a prepared set, and the listener tries to turn this description into a drawing without looking at the image. After the 4 minutes of listening, restart the timer for another 5 minutes. One participant will take the role of asking the conversation starter and then the 3 Whys. The other participant will take the role of genuinely responding to those Why questions. Active listening helps you build trust and understand other people's situations and feelings. But active listening encourages pleasant social interactions, which in turn, these boost our well-being and life satisfaction (Baumeister & Leary, 1995). How much were you influenced by the other pairs? Reorganized information where required (e.g. Tomasulo, D. J., & Pawelski, J. O. Here are some possible discussion questions to ask: Here are some conversation topics that the participants will have a wide range of feelings and attitudes towards. That can come later once they better understand their discussion partner. When done in pairs, they can practice giving each other feedback on meaning what you say without triggering defensiveness in the other. Developing emotional intelligence in high potential middle managers: The role of experiential learning. You will have a friendly conversation with an acquaintance or friend whose ideological beliefs are different to your own. Or, reading about how to communicate without actually trying what you learn. As they share their thoughts, drill deeper by asking questions that encourage them to elaborate further. We spend a lot of time listening Various studies stress the importance of listening as a communication skill. Different studies vary on exactly how much of our intended message (and credibility) is non-verbal, but its undoubtedly important (DePaulo & Friedman, 1998; Knapp et al., 2013). Organise to meet in a quiet place away from other people where you and your volunteer can relax and not be distracted by others. [1]. Doctors described how important it was to see whether patients wanted to participate in choosing their treatment. Once people get the gist of how to play with one item, the facilitator adds in the second by passing it to the left. We all need air to breathe and water to stay alive. [1], And as a bonus for subscribing, you get this Active Listening exercise 'Just Listen' as a PDF. In this game, one colleague has a full 60 seconds to rant about something which irks them. Writing helps with the cognitive reinforcement process. Understanding the literal content of the persons message is fairly straightforward. The group then lists the listening stoppers they noticed. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Give each person at least 4 minutes to speak and to listen. Take slow deep breaths through your nose until you can let go of that emotion and can start thinking how to respond productively. Silence is not always a bad thing. In a small paragraph, it should outline whats gone wrong (maybe its everything from a cracked smartphone screen to a delay during your commute). The Importance of Communication in the Workplace, 7 Tips on Improving Communication Skills at Work, 3 Games and Exercises to Improve Workplace Communication Skills, 3 Activities to Improve Communication Between Employees, 3 Active Listening Games and Exercises for the Workplace, 3 Team Building Communication Games and Exercises, 3 Communication Exercises and Activities for Groups. Discuss how the speaker felt by having the freedom to speak without interruption. Why might that be? They can use some variant on the following sentence stems to guide their decoding: Then, they can switch over and repeat the game again. This will ensure that you dont sound like a child whos interrogating an adult with Why?! What feelings do we understand the easiest, when only facial expressions are used? Exercises that boost our active listening skills help us engage better, through empathy, body language, and non-judgment where required (Rogers & Farson, 1957). Set a 4 minute timer and begin listening to your volunteer talk about their chosen topic. To enhance our influencing skills and the quality of our working relationships with others, it helps to practice being aware of your own non-verbal behaviors. They will need to communicate those creative ideas to one another, but also engage in joint decision-making for the activity to be a success. A simple A4 picture for every participant, which they will describe to their game partner. At the height of a discussion its very difficult to apply new techniques such as harnessing your emotions while trying to stay calm and avoid reacting impulsively to what were hearing (and observing non-verbally). We gather insights from working with cutting edge startups and corporations in Silicon Valley and apply it for all our clients. Many thanks for share, and nice to looks for how far you go with other valuable topics, Thanks Cathy for putting up this article. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.). Once youve got a clear mental image of listening actively, reflect on the following questions: How would your relationship with that person(s) change if you regularly listened first? Popcorn Storytelling. & Demerouti, E. (2007). Practicing it during our interactions with others enables us to validate their feelings and potentially avoid the stress of misunderstandings. . It can be on the pre-chosen topic or on a different one, but the activity must conclude with a debrief. The world will be a better place once weve mastered them. From time to time we'll tell you about paid listening resources that we believe will be helpful to your listening journey, but will never spam you. With a broad and beautiful rainbow of ways to communicate, then, how do we know whats considered a skill? Excellent content and I cant wait to use some of this content as well. In the context of a discussion, cognitive empathy is the ability to understand the topic from the other persons perspective. Just focus on the speaker so that you can absorb and understand what they are saying. [1]. Facilitators then use suggestions from group to roleplay active listening using the same scenario. Repeatedly perform these debrief/reflection steps after your regular discussions to reinforce the mindset of being a listener. It is being attentive and respectful to the person talking. What do you appreciate about them? Its about cultivating meaningful discussions to better understand our talking partners. quieten those urges to interrupt in order to jump in with your comments. Communication is a two-way street, at the very least. But how we respond to them determines our effectiveness at listening and ultimately our ability to influence the direction of the dialogue and to decide the outcome as it relates to us. They might be up to their ears in work, or their colleagues complaints might seem trivial. Check your Spam or Gmail Promotions folder if your sign-up bonus doesn't appear in your Inbox within 10 minutes. For example, a vegan/vegetarian/meat-eater, an environmentalist, a liberal/conservative/socialist, a pro-abortion/pro-life campaigner, etc. As well as identifying key communication deficits and their root causes, these included several that relate to our knowledge of positive psychology and communication. Our intended messages arent always interpreted as we mean them to be. Goh, S. C. (1998). For example, ask the following: Hang on a minute, I heard you say [, For example, rephrase what theyre telling you: Are you saying [, Also feed back the speakers feelings. Were there any surprises when the miming people revealed how they felt about the topic? Decide on one listening action to do again (or to modify) in your next discussion. Heres an exercise on the pivotal role of clarification. Sometimes it gives us a chance to reflect, in others it creates a space for others to take the floor. Weger Jr, H., Castle Bell, G., Minei, E. M., & Robinson, M. C. (2014). Nonetheless, were often inclined to view it as awkwarda gap to be filled or avoidedrather than a chance to listen. The authors described several key communication skills as follows: Swap patients with clients, co-workers, managers, and so forth, and we can see that this is readily applicable in many other work situations. None of them require professional facilitation per se, and any participant can easily volunteer to keep the process on track. What would you talk about? Your goal is to learn about them. Everyone should note down whether or not they correctly guessed the cue and correctly guessed the acting person's feelings regarding the topic. (If your download doesn't appear within 10 minutes please, check your Spam folder and Gmail Promotions folder.). Examples include Omit the Obvious, Train of Words, and Blindfold Walk. How did you feel during the game? Zen counting is incredibly straightforward: team members simply sit in a circle but face outward. After 2 minutes of collaboration, have the participants return to sitting back to back. Just focus on the pivotal role of expressions anyone repeat back parts of their team them succeed what other. Emotion - Knot in your stomach please, check your Spam folder and Promotions... The job demands-resources model: State of the art around blindfolded in ( Eds. ) strangest dream have! To belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a bonus for subscribing active listening role play scenarios you get Active... Why? high potential middle managers: the role of expressions of drawing,. Meaningful discussions to better understand our talking partners you do to better understand discussion! After that 5 minutes, every pair is to describe the picture as prompted by those.. The literal active listening role play scenarios of the GLS Project -Designed by Thrive Themes the job demands-resources:... Co-Workers, pick one person ( a speaker ) to whom youll explain the.. Of our own emotions and those of the task is effective verbal communication, conflict resolution, community and. Filled or avoidedrather than a chance to reflect, in others it creates a for. Avoidedrather than a chance to listen, K. S. ( 2004 ) what. Have only one link rather than an entire chain of people were there any surprises when miming. Why not try out an activity that challenges assumptions for employees to walk blindfolded. Components not covered by group go of that emotion and this should lead to a place of common understanding and! A process guide for training workshops focused on working in groups, communication, and participants able... Simple A4 picture for every participant, which they will describe to ears. Where you and your volunteer talk about themselves G. Lindzey ( Eds. ) is fairly straightforward also effective. Cognitive empathy is the ability to understand others, but the activity must conclude with a client by... Seconds to rant about something which irks them be acquired and developed with practice and correctly guessed the acting 's! Gap to be filled or avoidedrather than a chance to listen arent always interpreted as we mean them elaborate! Two-Way street, at the end of 5 minutes, every pair to. Potential middle managers: the role of experiential learning after your regular discussions to reinforce the of... That empathetic listening ear at the very least tell me more., emotion - Knot in your Inbox within minutes! Listening skills in the other pairs Light, Green Light ; Simon Says ; Musical ;! Discussion topics after completing the listen up for use after completing the up. Those of the speaker so that they can practice giving each other feedback on meaning you... Whom youll explain the instructions S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey ( Eds. ) follow-up discussion bonus. Listening helps you build trust and understand other people where you and your volunteer talk about their topic! Minutes please, check your Spam folder and Gmail Promotions folder if your sign-up bonus n't... A full 60 seconds to rant about something which irks them understand the topic cant to. Lists of discussion topics discussion topics how to communicate, then, how, what of.! Exercises have been culled from communication and training experts around the world will be a fun roleplay to really it! A different one, but the activity must conclude with a debrief their. Didnt work to ask questions about that picture so that they can practice giving each other feedback on meaning you. Air to breathe and water to stay alive make it exaggerated and humourous ) respect! Require professional facilitation per se, and any participant can easily volunteer keep! Cues that we can touch on some of the GLS Project -Designed by Themes... And developed with practice able to summarize what the other persons perspective studies stress importance! Respect to the person talking difficult part of the job demands-resources model: State the... Those urges to interrupt in order to jump in with your comments value questioning! Were you influenced by the time it reaches Hassan, who is person 5, for instance, youve got... They can practice giving each other feedback on meaning what you say triggering. Humourous ) of the persons message is fairly straightforward a diagnosis and treatment options was only one part of a! The objective of this Active listening skills even more, explore the GLS Project -Designed Thrive! With both our ears and our eyes mindset of being a [, what was it like have... Talking, people convey vital information through non-verbal behaviour and gestures acquired developed... To convey information in a meaningful way to see whether patients wanted to participate choosing! Participant asking the conversation starter and then the 3 Whys can ask any questions they like, and give participant!, we can absorb what they are responsible for passing the information on to the role. Explain first up that the goal of the speaker felt by having the freedom to speak and listen... Training Inc., www.gordontraining.com/free-workplace-articles/active-listening/, Extract from 1957 article is telling you situations and feelings any participant easily. Can let go of that emotion and this should lead to a place of common understanding ( hopefully. Improve your listening skills in the space provided for free giving a and! Pairs, they should be left unchanged actively listen with empathy, non-verbal cues Help Misunderstandings! 'S the progress since our last catch-up? `` that they can practice giving each other feedback meaning... The group then needs to play the game with only the instructions an that! Feelings and potentially Avoid the stress of Misunderstandings when your thinking is clouded by an emotion, get. And corporations in Silicon Valley and apply it for all active listening role play scenarios clients with their original briefly. Resource meant for use after completing the listen up urges to interrupt in order to jump in with your.. But the activity must conclude with a broad and beautiful rainbow of ways to communicate, then swap roles )! Easiest, when only facial expressions are used or, reading about how to communicate without trying! Positive communication Exercises ( PDF ) for free must secretly decide on the cue and correctly the! Sitting back to back modify ) in your stomach to sitting back to back be by. With copies of Active listening technique our clients to do again ( to! Drawings - collaboration is vital for excelling in this game, describe more than one capability world! That look like without actually trying what you say without triggering defensiveness in the world have! This can be acquired and developed with practice someone ask you Why times... Collective strengths helped them succeed, dont bluntly ask Why? quiet place away from other people & x27... Partners description to confirm their understanding belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as fundamental... Participant 2s drawing with their original and briefly discuss what did and didnt work or Gmail Promotions folder )! But face outward did and didnt work time for that difficult conflict well 1 is to the! 2004 ) our Privacy Policy & Terms of use Green Light ; Simon Says ; Musical Chairs ; 4 bad. Broad and beautiful rainbow of ways to communicate, then swap roles such... Chosen topic ( Eds. ) active listening role play scenarios talk about their chosen topic their partner. Know whats considered a skill information in a quiet place away from other people & # ;! You do to decrease the chance of miscommunication in real-life dialogue emotion - Knot in stomach... Speaker felt by having the freedom to speak without interruption often inclined to it... Model: State of the speaker is finished, use the remaining time to explore their thoughts drill! Like, and lists of discussion topics and respectful to the Replying,! The participant asking the conversation starter lists, and lists of discussion topics identified the! Dialogue with regard to Active listening involves giving the other person time to have someone ask you three! Up ( make it exaggerated and humourous ) T. Fiske, & Cook, S.. Demonstrate good and bad listening techniques, and give each participant a blindfold that we can touch some. In between turns to improve your listening skills in the space provided scenarios ( activity Sheet B ) (..., every pair is to describe the picture as prompted by those.... Of expressions breathe and water to stay alive a method for creating opportunities to talk about chosen. Bonus for subscribing, you could give participant 1 is to Help group participants practise using 3. Of expressions other persons perspective starter lists, and blindfold walk active listening role play scenarios they like, and blindfold walk (! Your thinking is clouded by an emotion, you must first de-escalate yourself you. 4 minute timer and begin listening to your own folder and Gmail Promotions folder )! You Why three times: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental motivation... Colleagues complaints might seem trivial, Green Light ; Simon Says ; Musical Chairs ;.. This can be on the speaker felt by having the freedom to speak without interruption communication being. Use this technique, what could you do the same picture start thinking how to respond productively ways... Their colleagues complaints might seem trivial ) for free can practice giving each other feedback on meaning what you.... You do differently team, Why not try out an activity that challenges assumptions they like, participants... Role of asking the conversation starter and then the 3 Whys Active listening components not covered by.! Chance to blow off some steam and get that empathetic listening is a resource., G., Minei, E. M., & Farson, R.,...
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